From Jargon to Genius: Chunking as the Key to Explainable AI Generation

Beyond the Prompt: Why Chunking is Generative AI’s Unsung Hero

Introduction

In the rapidly evolving landscape of generative AI, particularly with the rise of powerful Large Language Models (LLMs), the ability to process and understand vast amounts of information is paramount. However, even the most advanced LLMs have inherent limitations, primarily a “context window” that defines how much text they can consider at any given time. This is where the strategic art of “chunking” comes into play.

Chunking, in essence, is the process of intelligently breaking down large bodies of text — whether it’s a sprawling legal document, a comprehensive research paper, or an entire book — into smaller, manageable segments. This seemingly simple preprocessing step is absolutely crucial for empowering generative AI models, especially in architectures like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). By segmenting information into digestible chunks, we overcome the limitations of context windows, ensure that the LLM receives only the most relevant information for a given query, and ultimately unlock smarter, more accurate, and contextually rich responses.

Once a large document, like a bid proposal, has been broken down into smaller, manageable chunks using various chunking strategies, the next crucial step in integrating this content with generative AI involves a process called embedding. Each of these individual chunks, often along with its associated metadata (such as the source document name, section title, page range, and a unique chunk ID), is fed into an Embedding Model. This model transforms the text content into a high-dimensional numerical vector, or “embedding,” which captures the semantic meaning of the chunk. These numerical embeddings are then systematically stored in a Vector Database. When a user poses a query to the generative AI system, that query is also converted into an embedding by the same model. The vector database then efficiently performs a similarity search, identifying and retrieving the chunk embeddings that are most semantically relevant to the user’s query. These retrieved, highly relevant chunks of text are then provided as contextual information to the Large Language Model (LLM), enabling it to generate a more accurate, informed, and contextually appropriate response.

Using Docling chunking capacities

Docling is an open-source project designed to streamline the process of transforming complex documents into a format optimized for Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) and other generative AI applications. Based on the provided examples for hybrid and advanced chunking, here are the key advantages of using Docling:

Hybrid Chunking for Contextual Richness: Docling excels at hybrid chunking, which goes beyond simple fixed-size or character-based splitting. It combines document-based hierarchical chunking (e.g., by sections, paragraphs) with tokenization-aware refinements. This ensures that chunks are not only of appropriate size but also maintain strong semantic coherence and preserve crucial context, which is vital for an LLM to generate accurate and relevant responses.
Tokenizer Alignment for RAG Accuracy: A critical advantage highlighted is the ability to align the chunker with the embedding model’s tokenizer. Docling allows you to parametrize tokenization using popular libraries like HuggingFace Transformers or OpenAI tokenizers. This alignment is paramount in RAG systems, as it ensures that the way text is broken down for embedding precisely matches how the embedding model understands and vectorizes the text, leading to more accurate retrieval of relevant information.
Advanced Serialization for Diverse Content: Docling offers sophisticated serialization strategies for various content types within documents, such as tables and pictures.
Table Serialization: It provides control over how tables are converted into text, allowing for options like default serialization or converting tables into Markdown format. This is crucial because tables, when not properly serialized, can lose their structural meaning and negatively impact retrieval.
Picture Serialization: Docling supports modifying parameters for picture placeholders and even implementing custom strategies that leverage picture annotations. This means that visual information isn’t just discarded but can be converted into meaningful text descriptions that the LLM can process, enriching the overall context.
Customization and Flexibility: The examples demonstrate a high degree of customization and flexibility. Users can define and configure different chunking and serialization strategies based on their specific document types and the requirements of their generative AI application. This adaptability ensures that Docling can handle a wide variety of unstructured and semi-structured documents effectively.
Preparation for AI Development Frameworks: Docling is designed with AI development frameworks in mind, particularly for RAG. By providing well-chunked and serialized content, it significantly simplifies the data preparation phase, making it easier for developers to build robust RAG pipelines and leverage existing AI models for improved generative capabilities. In summary, Docling offers a powerful, open-source solution for the complex challenge of document chunking in the era of generative AI. Its focus on contextual preservation through hybrid chunking, tokenizer alignment, and advanced serialization for diverse content types directly addresses the critical needs for building effective and accurate RAG systems.

Chunking examples (out-of-the-box provided samples)

Docling stands out by offering a suite of readily available, “out-of-the-box” sample implementations that demonstrate its robust chunking and serialization capabilities. These samples, such as those showcasing hybrid chunking and advanced content serialization for elements like tables and images, serve as practical blueprints. They illustrate not only how to effectively prepare complex documents for generative AI but also the tangible results of such preparation — namely, semantically coherent chunks and enriched metadata that significantly enhance the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. These proven examples translate directly into real-world use-cases: imagine a legal firm leveraging Docling to transform massive case files into digestible chunks for an AI assistant to quickly answer attorney queries, or a manufacturing company feeding detailed technical manuals into a RAG system to enable technicians to get immediate, precise instructions from an AI chatbot. By providing these concrete, high-quality samples, Docling drastically reduces the barrier to entry, allowing developers and organizations to rapidly prototype and deploy AI solutions that derive accurate and valuable insights from their proprietary documents.

Hybrid Chunking


# Hybrid chunking

## Overview


#Hybrid chunking applies tokenization-aware refinements on top of document-based hierarchical chunking.

#For more details, see [here](../../concepts/chunking#hybrid-chunker).


## Setup



%pip install -qU pip docling transformers

DOC_SOURCE = "./input/charles-v-quint-en.md"

## Basic usage

#We first convert the document:


from docling.document_converter import DocumentConverter

doc = DocumentConverter().convert(source=DOC_SOURCE).document


#For a basic chunking scenario, we can just instantiate a `HybridChunker`, which will use
the default parameters.



from docling.chunking import HybridChunker

chunker = HybridChunker()
chunk_iter = chunker.chunk(dl_doc=doc)



  #  tokenizer_config.json:   0%|          | 0.00/350 [00:00<?, ?B/s]



  #  vocab.txt:   0%|          | 0.00/232k [00:00<?, ?B/s]



   # tokenizer.json:   0%|          | 0.00/466k [00:00<?, ?B/s]



   # special_tokens_map.json:   0%|          | 0.00/112 [00:00<?, ?B/s]



   # sentence_bert_config.json:   0%|          | 0.00/53.0 [00:00<?, ?B/s]


#    Token indices sequence length is longer than the specified maximum sequence length for this model (676 > 512). Running this sequence through the model will result in indexing errors


> 👉 **NOTE**: As you see above, using the `HybridChunker` can sometimes lead to a warning from the transformers library, however this is a "false alarm" — for details check [here](https://docling-project.github.io/docling/faq/#hybridchunker-triggers-warning-token-indices-sequence-length-is-longer-than-the-specified-maximum-sequence-length-for-this-model).

Note that the text you would typically want to embed is the context-enriched one as
returned by the `contextualize()` method:



for i, chunk in enumerate(chunk_iter):
    print(f"=== {i} ===")
    print(f"chunk.text:\n{f'{chunk.text[:300]}…'!r}")

    enriched_text = chunker.contextualize(chunk=chunk)
    print(f"chunker.contextualize(chunk):\n{f'{enriched_text[:300]}…'!r}")

    print()


    === 0 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nCharles\'s mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of  Charles the Bold  of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the  Burgundian State  into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\n[ edit ]\nCharles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of  Charles the Bold  of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the  Burgundian State  into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent …"

    === 1 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally  heir apparent  only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific  Duke of Luxembourg  and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the  Church of Saint John…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nGiven the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally  heir apparent  only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific  Duke of Luxembourg  and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the  …'

    === 2 ===
    chunk.text:
    "In 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in  Mechelen  and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nIn 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in  Mechelen  and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. The…"

    === 3 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Philip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of  Tordesillas . Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, unde…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nPhilip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of  Tordesillas . Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Sp…"

    === 4 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The Burgundian inheritance included the  Habsburg Netherlands , which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the  Low Countries  and covered modern-day  Belgium ,  Netherlands  and  Luxembourg . It excluded  Burgundy  proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of  Franch…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nThe Burgundian inheritance included the  Habsburg Netherlands , which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the  Low Countries  and covered modern-day  Belgium ,  Netherlands  and  Luxembourg . It excluded  Burgundy  proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the …'

    === 5 ===
    chunk.text:
    'and various Flemish cities.\nThe Spanish inheritance, resulting from a  dynastic union  of the crowns of  Castile  and  Aragon , included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the  Spanish West Indies  and the  Province of Tierra Firme ) and the Aragonese kingdoms of  Naples ,  …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nand various Flemish cities.\nThe Spanish inheritance, resulting from a  dynastic union  of the crowns of  Castile  and  Aragon , included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the  Spanish West Indies  and the  Province of Tierra Firme ) and the Aragonese kin…'

    === 6 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Two rebellions, the  Revolt of the Germanies  and the  Revolt of the Comuneros , contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Ind…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nTwo rebellions, the  Revolt of the Germanies  and the  Revolt of the Comuneros , contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years…"

    === 7 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles inherited the  Austrian hereditary lands  in 1519, as  Charles I of Austria , and obtained the  election  as  Holy Roman Emperor  against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as  Emperor Charles V  even outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the Hous…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nCharles inherited the  Austrian hereditary lands  in 1519, as  Charles I of Austria , and obtained the  election  as  Holy Roman Emperor  against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as  Emperor Charles V  even outside of Germany. The dynast…'

    === 8 ===
    chunk.text:
    'He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the  Popes  to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the  House…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nHe was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the  Popes  to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German famil…'

    === 9 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[ edit ]\nThe  Palace of Coudenberg  in  Brussels  from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.  Brussels  served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries. [44] [45] [ page\xa0needed ]\nIn 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that inclu…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\n[ edit ]\nThe  Palace of Coudenberg  in  Brussels  from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.  Brussels  served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries. [44] [45] [ page\xa0needed ]\nIn 1506, Charles inher…'

    === 10 ===
    chunk.text:
    "From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of  Frisian peasants  (led by  Pier Gerlofs Donia  and  Wijard Jelckama ). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523.\nC…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nFrom 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of  Frisian peasants  (led by  Pier Gerlofs Donia  and  Wijard Jelckama ). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the rema…"

    === 11 ===
    chunk.text:
    "The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the Imperial treasury.\nTh…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented…"

    === 12 ===
    chunk.text:
    'In the Castilian  Cortes  of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the  Prince of Asturias , heir-apparent to his mother Queen  Joanna . [51]  On the other hand, in 1502, the  Aragonese  Corts  gathered in  Zaragoza  and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn the Castilian  Cortes  of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the  Prince of Asturias , heir-apparent to his mother Queen  Joanna . [51]  On the other hand, in 1502, the  Aragonese  Corts  gathered in  Zaragoza  and ple…'

    === 13 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Pope Leo X . Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian  Regent , Cardinal  Jiménez de Cisneros  accepted the  fait accompli , and the Castilian and Aragonese  Cortes  paid homage…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nPope Leo X . Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian  Regent , Cardinal  Jiménez de Cisneros  accepted the  fait accompli , a…"

    === 14 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian  Cortes  in  Valladolid  (1518) proved difficult. [60]  In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak  Castilia…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nDue to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian  Cortes  in  Valladolid  (1518) proved difficult. [60]  In the end Charles was accepted under the foll…'

    === 15 ===
    chunk.text:
    "jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre ( Cortes ) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand fell on deaf ears, and the parli…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\njointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre ( Cortes ) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). …"

    === 16 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Soon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the  Revolt of the Comuner…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nSoon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The …'

    === 17 ===
    chunk.text:
    "After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the  July Revolution  in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir  Philip II  to marry the heiress of Navarre,  Jeanne d'Albret . Jeanne w…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAfter these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the  July Revolution  in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir  Philip II  to marry …'

    === 18 ===
    chunk.text:
    "After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism agains…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAfter its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessi…"

    === 19 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The  Crown of Aragon  inherited by Charles included the  Kingdom of Naples , the  Kingdom of Sicily  and the  Kingdom of Sardinia . As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as  King of Italy . The  Duchy of Milan , however, was under French control.  France  t…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe  Crown of Aragon  inherited by Charles included the  Kingdom of Naples , the  Kingdom of Sicily  and the  Kingdom of Sardinia . As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as  King of Italy . The  Duchy of Mi…'

    === 20 ===
    chunk.text:
    'In 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of  Massimiliano Stampa , one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. [67] [ page\xa0needed ] Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of  Massimiliano Stampa , one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. [67] [ page\xa0needed ] Charles successfully…'

    === 21 ===
    chunk.text:
    'After the death of his paternal grandfather,  Maximilian , in 1519, Charles inherited the  Habsburg monarchy . He was also the natural candidate of the  electors  to succeed his grandfather as  Holy Roman Emperor . He defeated the candidacies of  Frederick III of Saxony ,  Francis I of France , and …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAfter the death of his paternal grandfather,  Maximilian , in 1519, Charles inherited the  Habsburg monarchy . He was also the natural candidate of the  electors  to succeed his grandfather as  Holy Roman Emperor . He defeated the candidacies of  Fr…'

    === 22 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction. [71] [72] [73] [74]\nHunting scene ne…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of Germ…'

    === 23 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Due to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe, as well…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nDue to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes…"

    === 24 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Francis I  and Charles V made peace at the  Truce of Nice  in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.\nCharles V in the 1550s after  Titian\nMuch of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with  France , which found itself encircled by Charles's …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nFrancis I  and Charles V made peace at the  Truce of Nice  in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.\nCharles V in the 1550s after  Titian\nMuch of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with  …"

    === 25 ===
    chunk.text:
    'When he was released, however, Francis had the  Parlement of Paris  denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the  League of Cognac  that  Pope Clement VII  had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the  Florentines , and the Milanese to resist imper…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nWhen he was released, however, Francis had the  Parlement of Paris  denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the  League of Cognac  that  Pope Clement VII  had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, …'

    === 26 ===
    chunk.text:
    "A  third war  erupted in 1536. Following the death of  Francesco II Sforza , Charles installed his son  Philip  in the  Duchy of Milan , despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally, …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nA  third war  erupted in 1536. Following the death of  Francesco II Sforza , Charles installed his son  Philip  in the  Duchy of Milan , despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded …"

    === 27 ===
    chunk.text:
    "A  final war  erupted with Francis' son and successor,  Henry II , in 1551. Henry won early success in  Lorraine , where he  captured Metz , but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son,  Philip II , and his brot…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nA  final war  erupted with Francis' son and successor,  Henry II , in 1551. Henry won early success in  Lorraine , where he  captured Metz , but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further condu…"

    === 28 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nDetail of a tapestry depicting the  conquest of Tunis  in the Tapestry Room of the  Alcázar Palace  in Seville\nCharles fought continually with the  Ottoman Empire  and its sultan,  Suleiman the Magnificent . The defeat of  Hungary  at the  Battle of Mohács  in 1526 "sent a wave of terror ov…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\n[ edit ]\nDetail of a tapestry depicting the  conquest of Tunis  in the Tapestry Room of the  Alcázar Palace  in Seville\nCharles fought continually with the  Ottoman Empire  and its sultan,  Suleiman the Magnificent …'

    === 29 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the  conquest of Tunis  in 1535. [85]  The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the  Eastern Mediterranean  after its victories at  Preveza  in 1538 and  Djerba  in 1560 (shortly after Charles's deat…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nSuleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the  conquest of Tunis  in 1535. [85]  The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the  Eastern Mediterranean  after …'

    === 30 ===
    chunk.text:
    'In 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a  Franco-Ottoman alliance . In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the  Truce of Crépy…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nIn 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a  Franco-Ottoman alliance . In 1543, …'

    === 31 ===
    chunk.text:
    'During the 1541  expedition of Algiers , the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. [89]  A Turkish  chronicler  confirmed that the  Berber tribes  massacred 12,000 invaders. [90]  Leaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nDuring the 1541  expedition of Algiers , the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. [89]  A Turkish  chronicler  confirmed that the  Berber trib…'

    === 32 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nSummons for  Martin Luther  to appear at the  Diet of Worms  signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.\n16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles\'s reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\n[ edit ]\nSummons for  Martin Luther  to appear at the  Diet of Worms  signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.\n16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles's reign (1525) portrayed in the…"

    === 33 ===
    chunk.text:
    'You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman Church\xa0... After their deaths they left, by natur…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nYou know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were fa…'

    === 34 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Charles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.  Frederick III, Elector of Saxony  and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in  Wartburg . There, he…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nCharles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.  Frederick III, Elector of Saxony  and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped …'

    === 35 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Following this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial  Diet of Augsburg  was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the  Ottoman  threat; second, issues related to po…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nFollowing this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial  Diet of Augsburg  was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defenc…'

    === 36 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the  Colloquy of Regensburg  between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the  Council of Trent  was finally opened and the  Counter-Reformation  …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nDue to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the  Colloquy of Regensburg  between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545…'

    === 37 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in  Innsbruck , Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with  Henry II of France , rebelled again and th…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nThe council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in  Innsbruck , Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protes…'

    === 38 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\n[ edit ]…'

    === 39 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[ edit ]\nIn  Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels ,  Frans Francken the Younger 's depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between  Philip II of Spain  and  Emperor Ferdinand I\nHabsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n[ edit ]\nIn  Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels ,  Frans Francken the Younger 's depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between  Philip II of Spain  and  Emperor Ferdinand I\nHabsburg dominion…"

    === 40 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The most famous\xa0– and only public\xa0– abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the  States General of the Netherlands  (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour o…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nThe most famous\xa0– and only public\xa0– abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the  States General of the Netherlands  (reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian)…'

    === 41 ===
    chunk.text:
    'When I was nineteen\xa0... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms\xa0... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting th…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nWhen I was nineteen\xa0... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms\xa0... and in the hopes of thereby bringing …'

    === 42 ===
    chunk.text:
    '... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those who are absent, to forgive me. [98]\nHe concluded …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those w…'

    === 43 ===
    chunk.text:
    'With no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the  Spanish Empire  in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nWith no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the  Spanish Empire  in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the R…'

    === 44 ===
    chunk.text:
    'According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of France; the never-ending …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nAccording to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with at…'

    === 45 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nDeathbed of the Emperor at the  Monastery of Yuste , Cáceres\nIn September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,  Mary of Hungary  and  Eleanor of Austria . He arrived at the  Monastery of Yuste  of  Extremadura  in 1557. He continued to corresp…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\n[ edit ]\nDeathbed of the Emperor at the  Monastery of Yuste , Cáceres\nIn September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,  Mary of Hungary  and  Eleanor of Austria . He arrived at the  Monastery of Yuste…'

    === 46 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Following his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owe…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nFollowing his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of prisoners, poo…'

    === 47 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a  codicil  in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. [107]  Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip underto…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a  codicil  in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. [107]  Following hi…'

    === 48 ===
    chunk.text:
    "On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter  Maria of Austria  and Charles's sisters  Eleanor of Austria  and  Maria of Hungary  behind them. Adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nOn one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter  Maria of Austria  and Charles's sisters  Eleanor of Austria  and  Maria of Hungary  behind them. Adjacent to them on the opposite side of the B…"

    === 49 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed  deputies  to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first  Governor of the Netherlands  was  Margaret of Austria  (succeeded by his sister  Mary of Hungary  and  Emmanuel Phi…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nGiven the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed  deputies  to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first  Governor of the Netherlands  was  Margaret of Austria  (succeede…'

    === 50 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Overall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, [110]  seven to Spain, [111]  seven to Italy, [112]  four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. [113]  During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing hist…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nOverall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, [110]  seven to Spain, [111]  seven to Italy, [112]  four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. [113]  During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary…'

    === 51 ===
    chunk.text:
    "The New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide …"

    === 52 ===
    chunk.text:
    '—\u200aEurope, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms\nHe did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based  Council of the Indies  in 1524 and the establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  and the  Viceroyalty of Peru  …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\n—\u200aEurope, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms\nHe did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based  Council of the Indies  in 1524 and the establishment of the  Vicer…'

    === 53 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The second tapestry in the series  Battle of Pavia  by  Bernard van Orley : The  Marquis of Pescara  leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and  Georg von Frundsberg  leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery [117]\nHeavy cavalry  at the  Battle of Pavia\nUnder the organization a…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe second tapestry in the series  Battle of Pavia  by  Bernard van Orley : The  Marquis of Pescara  leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and  Georg von Frundsberg  leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery [117]\nHeavy cavalr…'

    === 54 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The  Landsknechte , originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and  Georg von Frundsberg , formed the bulk of Charles V\'s army. They surpassed the  Swiss mercenaries  in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe  Landsknechte , originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and  Georg von Frundsberg , formed the bulk of Charles V\'s army. They surpassed the  Swiss mercenaries  in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries i…'

    === 55 ===
    chunk.text:
    "His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German polity, despite the fact that in the …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nHis expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression …"

    === 56 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Anton Fugger  burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by  Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker\nCharles's main sources of revenue were from  Castile ,  Naples  and the  Low Countries , which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish  ducats  in the 1520s and about 4…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nAnton Fugger  burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by  Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker\nCharles's main sources of revenue were from  Castile ,  Naples  and the  Low Countries , which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.…"

    === 57 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nAllegory of the reign of Charles V , a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I; Pope Clement VII; Francis I; the Duke of Cleves; the Duke of Saxony; and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse\nThe Habsburg expansion and consolidatio…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\n[ edit ]\nAllegory of the reign of Charles V , a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I; Pope Clement VII; Francis I; the Duke of …'

    === 58 ===
    chunk.text:
    'After his father\'s death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the contract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nAfter his father\'s death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious …'

    === 59 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent envoys (earlier than other secular powers). The Habs…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nCharles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century…'

    === 60 ===
    chunk.text:
    'In the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda, who conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system. Genn…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nIn the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marq…'

    === 61 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nSeveral notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet  Garcilaso de la Vega , a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed  contino  (imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520.  Alfonso de Valdés , twin brother of the humanist  Jua…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n[ edit ]\nSeveral notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet  Garcilaso de la Vega , a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed  contino  (impe…'

    === 62 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Martyr was given the post of chronicler ( cronista ) in the newly formed  Council of the Indies  (1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the  New World . In 1523 Charles gave him the title of  Count Palatine , and in 1524 called him once more into the …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nMartyr was given the post of chronicler ( cronista ) in the newly formed  Council of the Indies  (1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the  New World . In 1523 …'

    === 63 ===
    chunk.text:
    'The building of the  Palace of Charles V  was commissioned by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the  Alhambra  palaces. Although the  Catholic Monarchs  had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a perm…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe building of the  Palace of Charles V  was commissioned by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the  Alhambra  palaces. Although the  Catholic Monarchs  had already altered some rooms of t…'

    === 64 ===
    chunk.text:
    "From his maternal grandmother,  Isabella I of Castile , who had funded  Christopher Columbus 's first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas.  Spanish colonization of the Americas  began in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and  Spanish …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nFrom his maternal grandmother,  Isabella I of Castile , who had funded  Christopher Columbus 's first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas.  Spanish colonization of t…"

    === 65 ===
    chunk.text:
    "The realm of his known possessions expanded with the  Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire  (1519–21) under  conquistador   Hernán Cortés  and by  Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe  in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of  Christendom , which s…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe realm of his known possessions expanded with the  Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire  (1519–21) under  conquistador   Hernán Cortés  and by  Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe  in 1522. These succes…"

    === 66 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Unlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court  audiencia  to administer justice. H…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nUnlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creat…'

    === 67 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Ad hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  in  Mexico City  (1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of  Tenochtitlan . After the  Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire  in the 1530s, C…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nAd hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  in  Mexico City  (1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec …"

    === 68 ===
    chunk.text:
    'prudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." [157]  The violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by  Pedro de la Gasca , to whom Cha…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nprudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." [157]  The violent upri…'

    === 69 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Regarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of  Gonzalo Pizarro , who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar to the treatment of  comunero  rebels early …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nRegarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of  Gonzalo Pizarro , who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution a…"

    === 70 ===
    chunk.text:
    "The question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of  African slaves  to replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a c…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment o…"

    === 71 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the 1542 New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his indigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549, …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nProtection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the 1542 New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Char…"

    === 72 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Since the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the  Crown of Castile  was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the  New Kingdo…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nSince the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the  Crown of Castile  was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was r…'

    === 73 ===
    chunk.text:
    'In 1550, Charles convened a  conference at Valladolid  in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the  New World , which included figures such as  Bartolomé de las Casas , [167]  from which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise acco…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nIn 1550, Charles convened a  conference at Valladolid  in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the  New World , which included figures such as  Bartolomé de las…'

    === 74 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Theologians  and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as  Domingo de Soto ,  Bartolomé Carranza ,  Melchor Cano , and also  Pedro de la Gasca  (Peru's first peacemaker after  Civil Wars between the conquerors of…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nTheologians  and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as  Domingo de Soto ,  Bartolomé Carranza ,  Melchor Cano , and als…'

    === 75 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Finally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:  "After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces." [165]  Therefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed,…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nFinally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:  "After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administratio…'

    === 76 ===
    chunk.text:
    '-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some of them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them …'

    === 77 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nHis father\'s sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists  Bernard van Orley  and  Albrecht Dürer  and master tapestry-maker  Pieter van Aelst , she taught her nephew "above a…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Dynasty and private life\n[ edit ]\nHis father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists  Bernard van Orley  and  Albrecht Dürer  and master tapestry-maker  Pieter van Aelst , she t…"

    === 78 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking  French , which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learned some  Dutch , being given lessons fr…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nCharles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking  French , which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learned some  Dutch…'

    === 79 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[ edit ]\nCharles suffered from an enlarged  lower jaw  ( mandibular prognathism ), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term  Habsburg jaw . This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n[ edit ]\nCharles suffered from an enlarged  lower jaw  ( mandibular prognathism ), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term  Habsburg jaw . This deformity may have been caused by the fa…'

    === 80 ===
    chunk.text:
    ', Birth = . , Death = . , Notes = \nEleanor Manuel I of Portugal  and had children; second marriage in 1530,  Francis I of France Isabella Christian II of Denmark Ferdinand Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Mary Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia Catherine John III of Portugal\nIsabella of Portugal  depicting …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n, Birth = . , Death = . , Notes = \nEleanor Manuel I of Portugal  and had children; second marriage in 1530,  Francis I of France Isabella Christian II of Denmark Ferdinand Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Mary Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia Catherine John I…'

    === 81 ===
    chunk.text:
    "After his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin  Isabella of Portugal , the daughter of King  Manuel I of Portugal  an…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nAfter his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin  Isabella of Portugal ,…"

    === 82 ===
    chunk.text:
    "By 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King  John III of Portugal ,…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nBy 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to I…'

    === 83 ===
    chunk.text:
    'On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the  Alcázar of Seville . The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremo…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nOn 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the  Alcázar of Seville . The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were…'

    === 84 ===
    chunk.text:
    "The marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection, and she died tw…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nThe marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further de…"

    === 85 ===
    chunk.text:
    "to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his  Missa 'Mort m'a privé  in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. [193]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nto compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his  Missa 'Mort m'a privé  in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. [193]…"

    === 86 ===
    chunk.text:
    'During his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,  Germaine de Foix , which may have produced a child, Isabel. [194]  After the death of his wife, Charles "seduced  Barbara Blomberg , a teenager exac…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nDuring his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,  Germaine de Foix , which may have produced a child, Isabel. [194]  After the death of his wife, Charl…'

    === 87 ===
    chunk.text:
    "Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand\nSon\nJoanna\nJoão Manuel, Prince of Portugal John\nSon\nDue to Philip II being a grandson of  Manuel I of Portugal  through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death ( Henry, the Cardinal-King…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand\nSon\nJoanna\nJoão Manuel, Prince of Portugal John\nSon\nDue to Philip II being a grandson of  Manuel I of Portugal  through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it aft…'

    === 88 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nEquestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the  Royal Armoury of Madrid\nCharles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by  Pope Julius II  in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[ edit ]\nEquestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the  Royal Armoury of Madrid\nCharles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by  …'

    === 89 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of …'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCharles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger bro…'

    === 90 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Following the death of  Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia , at the  Battle of Mohacs  in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of  Hungary  (and  Croatia ) and  Bohemia . Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use i…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nFollowing the death of  Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia , at the  Battle of Mohacs  in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of  Hungary  (and  Croatia ) and  Bohemia . Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hu…'

    === 91 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and  Philip II of Spain , during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. [207]  In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal p…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nTherefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and  Philip II of Spain , during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. [207]  In the abdi…'

    === 92 ===
    chunk.text:
    "As part of  Andreas Palaiologos ' will, he theoretically inherited the title of  Eastern Roman Emperor  from  Ferdinand II of Aragon  and  Isabella I of Castille , [208] [209] [210]  therefore cementing the  claim of the Holy Roman Empire   of inheriting the Roman legacy  since the  Fall of Constant…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nAs part of  Andreas Palaiologos ' will, he theoretically inherited the title of  Eastern Roman Emperor  from  Ferdinand II of Aragon  and  Isabella I of Castille , [208] [209] [210]  therefore cementing the  claim of the Holy Roman Empire   of inherit…"

    === 93 ===
    chunk.text:
    'August ,  King in (of) Germany ,  King of Italy , King of all Spains, of  Castile ,  Aragon ,  León , of  Hungary , of  Dalmatia , of  Croatia ,  Navarra ,  Grenada ,  Toledo ,  Valencia ,  Galicia ,  Majorca ,  Sevilla ,  Cordova ,  Murcia ,  Jaén ,  Algarves ,  Algeciras ,  Gibraltar , the  Canary…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nAugust ,  King in (of) Germany ,  King of Italy , King of all Spains, of  Castile ,  Aragon ,  León , of  Hungary , of  Dalmatia , of  Croatia ,  Navarra ,  Grenada ,  Toledo ,  Valencia ,  Galicia ,  Majorca ,  Sevilla ,  Cordova ,  Murcia ,  Jaén , …'

    === 94 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Wendish March ,  Pordenone ,  Biscay ,  Molina ,  Salins ,  Tripoli  and  Mechelen .\n, From = . , To = . , Regnal name = \nDuke of Burgundy\nDuke of Brabant\nDuke of Limburg\nDuke of Lothier\nDuke of Luxemburg\nMargrave of Namur\nCount Palatine of Burgundy\nCount of Artois\nCount of Charolais\nCount of Flande…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nWendish March ,  Pordenone ,  Biscay ,  Molina ,  Salins ,  Tripoli  and  Mechelen .\n, From = . , To = . , Regnal name = \nDuke of Burgundy\nDuke of Brabant\nDuke of Limburg\nDuke of Lothier\nDuke of Luxemburg\nMargrave of Namur\nCount Palatine of Burgundy\nC…'

    === 95 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Below is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of  Castile ,  Leon ,  Aragon ,  Two Sicilies  and  Granada  present in the previous coat, those of  Austria ,  ancient Burgundy , modern Burgundy,  Brabant ,  Flanders  and  Tyrol . Charles I also in…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nBelow is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of  Castile ,  Leon ,  Aragon ,  Two Sicilies  and  Granada  present in the previous coat, those of  Austria ,  ancient Burgundy , modern Burgundy,  Br…'

    === 96 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of A…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of Arms o…"

    === 97 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nEmperor Charles V and Empress Isabella.  Peter Paul Rubens  after  Titian , 17th century\nCharles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his pe…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\n[ edit ]\nEmperor Charles V and Empress Isabella.  Peter Paul Rubens  after  Titian , 17th century\nCharles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and ac…'

    === 98 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of  Franz Joseph I of Austria , dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the " most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation ", and honored him with a life…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nCharles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of  Franz Joseph I of Austria , dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the " most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of e…'

    === 99 ===
    chunk.text:
    "The\nAmong other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the façade of the\nA statue of Charles, donated by the city of\nThe\nA bust of Charles V is located at the\nIn\n[<RawText children='Lord Byron'>]\nCharles V is a notable character in\nCharles V appears as a character in the play\n[<RawTe…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nThe\nAmong other posthumous depictions, there are statues of Charles on the façade of the\nA statue of Charles, donated by the city of\nThe\nA bust of Charles V is located at the\nIn\n[<RawText children='Lord Byron'>]\nCharles V is a notable character in\nC…"

    === 100 ===
    chunk.text:
    '[ edit ]\nCharles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film\nCharles V is portrayed by\nCharles V is portrayed by\nCharles V is the main subject of the\nCharles V is played by\nCharles V is portrayed by…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nTelevision and film\n[ edit ]\nCharles V is portrayed by Hans Lefebre and is figured prominently in the 1953 film\nCharles V is portrayed by\nCharles V is portrayed by\nCharles V is the main subject of the\nCharles V is played by\nCharles V is portrayed by…'

    === 101 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[ edit ]\n[<RawText children='v'>]\n[<RawText children='t'>]\n[<RawText children='e'>]\nHouse of Habsburg [n 1]\n[<RawText children='Royal Armoury of Madrid'>]\n[<RawText children='Museum of Military History, Vienna'>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[ edit ]\n[<RawText children='v'>]\n[<RawText children='t'>]\n[<RawText children='e'>]\nHouse of Habsburg [n 1]\n[<RawText children='Royal Armoury of Madrid'>]\n[<RawText children='Museum of Military History, Vienna'>]…"

    === 102 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<RawText children='German'>]\n[<RawText children='Spanish'>]\n[<RawText children='French'>]\n[<RawText children='Italian'>]\n[<RawText children='Dutch'>]\n[<RawText children='…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<RawText children='German'>]\n[<RawText children='Spanish'>]\n[<RawText children='French'>]\n[<RawText children='Italian'>]\n[<RawText children='Dutch'>…"

    === 103 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<…"

    === 104 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=…"

    === 105 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n^\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n^\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link child…"

    === 106 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<…"

    === 107 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<Ra…"

    === 108 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<Ra…"

    === 109 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=…"

    === 110 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<…"

    === 111 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<Ra…"

    === 112 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<…"

    === 113 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<Ra…"

    === 114 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<Ra…"

    === 115 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<…"

    === 116 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<Ra…"

    === 117 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]…"

    === 118 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Boone, Rebecca Ard (2021).\nEnepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].\nFerdinandy, Michael de (2021).\nFletcher, Catherine (2016).\nFreiberg, Jack (2014).\n[<RawText children=\'Setton, Kenneth…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Male-line family tree\nBoone, Rebecca Ard (2021).\nEnepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].\nFerdinandy, Michael de (2021).\nFletcher, Catherine (2016).\nFreiberg, Jack (2014).\n[<RawText chi…'

    === 119 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<RawText children='Froude, James Anthony'>]\nGrant, Neil.\nHeadley, John M.\nHeath, Richard.\n[<RawText children='Holmes, David L.'>]\nKleinschmidt, Harald.\nMacDonald, Stewart.\n[<RawText children='Merriman, Roger Bigelow'>]\n[<RawText children='Norwich, John Julius'>]\n[<RawText children='Parker, Geoffrey…"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<RawText children='Froude, James Anthony'>]\nGrant, Neil.\nHeadley, John M.\nHeath, Richard.\n[<RawText children='Holmes, David L.'>]\nKleinschmidt, Harald.\nMacDonald, Stewart.\n[<RawText children='Merriman, Roger Bigelow'>]\n[<RawText children='Norwich, John Julius'>]\n[<RawText chil…"

    === 120 ===
    chunk.text:
    "[<RawText children='Manuel Fernández Álvarez'>]\n[<RawText children='Armstrong, Edward'>]\n[<RawText children='Beach, Chandler B.'>]\n[<RawText children='Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors'>]\n[<RawText children='The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558'>]\n[<RawText children='The …"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<RawText children='Manuel Fernández Álvarez'>]\n[<RawText children='Armstrong, Edward'>]\n[<RawText children='Beach, Chandler B.'>]\n[<RawText children='Genealogy history of Charles V and his ancestors'>]\n[<RawText children='The Life and Times of Emperor Charles V 1500–1558'>]\n[<…"

    === 121 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorHouse of HabsburgBorn: 24 February 1500\xa0Died: 21 September 1558, 1 = Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorHouse of HabsburgBorn: 24 February 1500\xa0Died: 21 September 1558. Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorHouse of HabsburgBorn: 24 February 1500\xa0Died: 21 September 1558, 2 = Charles V,…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Male-line family tree\nCharles V, Holy Roman EmperorHouse of HabsburgBorn: 24 February 1500\xa0Died: 21 September 1558, 1 = Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorHouse of HabsburgBorn: 24 February 1500\xa0Died: 21 September 1558. Charles V, Holy Roman EmperorHouse of HabsburgBorn: 24 February 1500\xa0Died: 21 Septembe…'

    === 122 ===
    chunk.text:
    'Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Upper Navarre\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byJoanna I & Ferdinan…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Male-line family tree\nCount of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Upper Navarre\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded…'

    === 123 ===
    chunk.text:
    '1519–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = Holy Roman Emperor\nKing of Italy\n1530–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand I, 1 = King of Lower Navarre\nwith Joanna III (1516–1530)\ndisputed by Henry II (1521–153…'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk):
    'Male-line family tree\n1519–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = Holy Roman Emperor\nKing of Italy\n1530–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand I, 1 = King of Lower Navarre\nwith Joanna III (1516–1530)\ndisputed…'



## Configuring tokenization

For more control on the chunking, we can parametrize tokenization as shown below.

In a RAG / retrieval context, it is important to make sure that the chunker and
embedding model are using the same tokenizer.

👉 HuggingFace transformers tokenizers can be used as shown in the following example:



from docling_core.transforms.chunker.tokenizer.huggingface import HuggingFaceTokenizer
from transformers import AutoTokenizer

from docling.chunking import HybridChunker

EMBED_MODEL_ID = "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"
MAX_TOKENS = 64  # set to a small number for illustrative purposes

tokenizer = HuggingFaceTokenizer(
    tokenizer=AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(EMBED_MODEL_ID),
    max_tokens=MAX_TOKENS,  # optional, by default derived from `tokenizer` for HF case
)



#👉 Alternatively, [OpenAI tokenizers](https://github.com/openai/tiktoken) can be used as shown in the example below (uncomment to use — requires installing `docling-core[chunking-openai]`):



 import tiktoken

 from docling_core.transforms.chunker.tokenizer.openai import OpenAITokenizer

 tokenizer = OpenAITokenizer(
     tokenizer=tiktoken.encoding_for_model("gpt-4o"),
     max_tokens=128 * 1024,  # context window length required for OpenAI tokenizers
# )


# We can now instantiate our chunker:


chunker = HybridChunker(
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    merge_peers=True,  # optional, defaults to True
)
chunk_iter = chunker.chunk(dl_doc=doc)
chunks = list(chunk_iter)


#    Token indices sequence length is longer than the specified maximum sequence length for this model (676 > 512). Running this sequence through the model will result in indexing errors


#Points to notice looking at the output chunks below:
#- Where possible, we fit the limit of 64 tokens for the metadata-enriched serialization form (see chunk 2)
#- Where needed, we stop before the limit, e.g. see cases of 63 as it would otherwise run into a comma (see chunk 6)
#- Where possible, we merge undersized peer chunks (see chunk 0)
#- "Tail" chunks trailing right after merges may still be undersized (see chunk 8)



for i, chunk in enumerate(chunks):
    print(f"=== {i} ===")
    txt_tokens = tokenizer.count_tokens(chunk.text)
    print(f"chunk.text ({txt_tokens} tokens):\n{chunk.text!r}")

    ser_txt = chunker.contextualize(chunk=chunk)
    ser_tokens = tokenizer.count_tokens(ser_txt)
    print(f"chunker.contextualize(chunk) ({ser_tokens} tokens):\n{ser_txt!r}")

    print()


    === 0 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    "[ edit ]\nCharles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of  Charles the Bold  of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the  Burgundian State"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\n[ edit ]\nCharles's mother went into labour at a ball in February 1500. He was named in honour of  Charles the Bold  of Burgundy, who had tried to turn the  Burgundian State"

    === 1 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    'into a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth. [24]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (45 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\ninto a continuous territory. When Charles was born, a poet at the court reported that the people of Ghent "shouted Austria and Burgundy throughout the whole city for three hours" to celebrate his birth. [24]'

    === 2 ===
    chunk.text (59 tokens):
    'Given the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally  heir apparent  only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific  Duke of Luxembourg  and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nGiven the dynastic situation, the newborn was originally  heir apparent  only of the Burgundian Low Countries as the honorific  Duke of Luxembourg  and second in line to the Austrian duchies, becoming known in his early years simply as "Charles of Ghent". He was baptised at the'

    === 3 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    'Church of Saint John  by the  Bishop of Tournai . The Burgundian nobles  Charles I de Croÿ  and  John III of Glymes  were his godfathers, and  Margaret of York  and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nChurch of Saint John  by the  Bishop of Tournai . The Burgundian nobles  Charles I de Croÿ  and  John III of Glymes  were his godfathers, and  Margaret of York  and'

    === 4 ===
    chunk.text (58 tokens):
    "Margaret of Austria , respectively his step-grandmother and aunt, his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace. [36] [ page"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nMargaret of Austria , respectively his step-grandmother and aunt, his godmothers. Charles's baptism gifts were a sword and a helmet, objects of Burgundian chivalric tradition representing, respectively, the instrument of war and the symbol of peace. [36] [ page"

    === 5 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    "needed ] The death in July 1500 of the young heir presumptive Miguel de Paz to the Iberian realms of his maternal grandparents meant baby Charles's future inheritance potentially expanded to include Castile, Aragon, and the overseas possessions in the Americas."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nneeded ] The death in July 1500 of the young heir presumptive Miguel de Paz to the Iberian realms of his maternal grandparents meant baby Charles's future inheritance potentially expanded to include Castile, Aragon, and the overseas possessions in the Americas."

    === 6 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    "A painting by  Bernhard Strigel  representing the extended Habsburg family with a young Charles in the middle\nIn 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in  Mechelen"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nA painting by  Bernhard Strigel  representing the extended Habsburg family with a young Charles in the middle\nIn 1501, his parents Philip and Joanna left Charles in care of Philip's step-grandmother Margaret of York in  Mechelen"

    === 7 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    "and went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Castilian"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nand went to Spain. The main goal of their Spanish mission was the recognition of Joanna as Princess of Asturias, given Prince Miguel's death a year earlier. They succeeded despite facing some opposition from the Castilian"

    === 8 ===
    chunk.text (61 tokens):
    'Cortes , which were reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, when her mother Isabella died, Joanna became  Queen of Castile . [37]  Charles only met his father again in 1503 while his mother returned in 1504 (after giving birth to  Ferdinand  in Spain). The Spanish Ambassador'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nCortes , which were reluctant to create the premises for Habsburg succession. In 1504, when her mother Isabella died, Joanna became  Queen of Castile . [37]  Charles only met his father again in 1503 while his mother returned in 1504 (after giving birth to  Ferdinand  in Spain). The Spanish Ambassador'

    === 9 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "Gutierre Gómez de Fuensalida  reported that Philip often visited and they had lots of fun. The couple's unhappy marriage and Joanna's unstable mental state however created many difficulties, making it unsafe for the children to stay with the parents. [38]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nGutierre Gómez de Fuensalida  reported that Philip often visited and they had lots of fun. The couple's unhappy marriage and Joanna's unstable mental state however created many difficulties, making it unsafe for the children to stay with the parents. [38]"

    === 10 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    'Philip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nPhilip was recognized King of Castile in 1506. He died shortly after, an event that was said to drive the mentally unstable Joanna into complete insanity. She was retired in isolation to the Royal Palace of'

    === 11 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    "Tordesillas . Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude. Ferdinand's new marriage with  Germaine de Foix"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nTordesillas . Charles's grandfather Ferdinand took control of all the Spanish kingdoms, under the pretext of protecting Charles's rights, which in reality he wanted to elude. Ferdinand's new marriage with  Germaine de Foix"

    === 12 ===
    chunk.text (60 tokens):
    'failed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne, so Charles remained the heir presumptive to the Iberian realms. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognised as Prince of Asturias (heir presumptive of Castile) and honorific Archduke'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nfailed to produce a surviving Trastámara heir to the throne, so Charles remained the heir presumptive to the Iberian realms. With his father dead and his mother confined, Charles became Duke of Burgundy and was recognised as Prince of Asturias (heir presumptive of Castile) and honorific Archduke'

    === 13 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    '(heir apparent of Austria). [39]\nA 1519 portrait of Charles V by  Bernard van Orley  with the insignia of the  Order of the Golden Fleece  prominently displayed\nPortrait of Charles V with a Dog , a 1532 portrait by  Jakob Seisenegger'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\n(heir apparent of Austria). [39]\nA 1519 portrait of Charles V by  Bernard van Orley  with the insignia of the  Order of the Golden Fleece  prominently displayed\nPortrait of Charles V with a Dog , a 1532 portrait by  Jakob Seisenegger'

    === 14 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'The Burgundian inheritance included the  Habsburg Netherlands , which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the  Low Countries  and covered modern-day  Belgium ,  Netherlands  and  Luxembourg . It excluded  Burgundy  proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nThe Burgundian inheritance included the  Habsburg Netherlands , which consisted of a large number of the lordships that formed the  Low Countries  and covered modern-day  Belgium ,  Netherlands  and  Luxembourg . It excluded  Burgundy  proper, annexed by France in 1477, with the exception of'

    === 15 ===
    chunk.text (59 tokens):
    'Franche-Comté . At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized Lord of the Netherlands with the title of  Charles II of Burgundy . During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in  Mechelen  together with his sisters  Mary ,  Eleanor , and  Isabella  at the court of his aunt'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nFranche-Comté . At the death of Philip in 1506, Charles was recognized Lord of the Netherlands with the title of  Charles II of Burgundy . During his childhood and teen years, Charles lived in  Mechelen  together with his sisters  Mary ,  Eleanor , and  Isabella  at the court of his aunt'

    === 16 ===
    chunk.text (23 tokens):
    'Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy .  William de Croÿ  (later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (26 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nMargaret of Austria, Duchess of Savoy .  William de Croÿ  (later prime minister) and Adrian of Utrecht (later'

    === 17 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    "Pope Adrian VI ) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian  Order of the Golden Fleece"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nPope Adrian VI ) served as his tutors. The culture and courtly life of the Low Countries played an important part in the development of Charles's beliefs. As a member of the Burgundian  Order of the Golden Fleece"

    === 18 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'in his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel. [40]  The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both  economically  and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nin his infancy, and later its grandmaster, Charles was educated to the ideals of the medieval knights and the desire for Christian unity to fight the infidel. [40]  The Low Countries were very rich during his reign, both  economically  and'

    === 19 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    'culturally . Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent a large part of his life in  Brussels  and various Flemish cities.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (27 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nculturally . Charles was very attached to his homeland and spent a large part of his life in  Brussels  and various Flemish cities.'

    === 20 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'The Spanish inheritance, resulting from a  dynastic union  of the crowns of  Castile  and  Aragon , included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the  Spanish West Indies  and the  Province of Tierra Firme ) and the Aragonese kingdoms of  Naples ,  Sicily , and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nThe Spanish inheritance, resulting from a  dynastic union  of the crowns of  Castile  and  Aragon , included Spain as well as the Castilian possessions in the Americas (the  Spanish West Indies  and the  Province of Tierra Firme ) and the Aragonese kingdoms of  Naples ,  Sicily , and'

    === 21 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'Sardinia . Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 while confined, allegedly because she was mentally ill. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself  jure matris , thus becoming co-monarch with Joanna with the title of  Charles I of Castile and Aragon  or'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (54 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nSardinia . Joanna inherited these territories in 1516 while confined, allegedly because she was mentally ill. Charles, therefore, claimed the crowns for himself  jure matris , thus becoming co-monarch with Joanna with the title of  Charles I of Castile and Aragon  or'

    === 22 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "Charles I of Spain . Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and  tercios  (the formidable Spanish infantry of the time), while Joanna remained confined in  Tordesillas  until her death."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nCharles I of Spain . Castile and Aragon together formed the largest of Charles's personal possessions, and they also provided a great number of generals and  tercios  (the formidable Spanish infantry of the time), while Joanna remained confined in  Tordesillas  until her death."

    === 23 ===
    chunk.text (61 tokens):
    'Plus Ultra , the rendition from French into Latin of Charles\'s personal motto "Plus Oultre" ( Further Beyond ), later became the national motto of Spain and features on the country\'s flag as part of the Spanish coat of arms since the 18th century. However, at his accession to the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nPlus Ultra , the rendition from French into Latin of Charles\'s personal motto "Plus Oultre" ( Further Beyond ), later became the national motto of Spain and features on the country\'s flag as part of the Spanish coat of arms since the 18th century. However, at his accession to the'

    === 24 ===
    chunk.text (27 tokens):
    'Iberian thrones, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince. [41]\nTwo rebellions, the  Revolt of the Germanies  and the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (30 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nIberian thrones, Charles was viewed as a foreign prince. [41]\nTwo rebellions, the  Revolt of the Germanies  and the'

    === 25 ===
    chunk.text (58 tokens):
    "Revolt of the Comuneros , contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, his son and heir, later"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nRevolt of the Comuneros , contested Charles's rule in the 1520s. Following these revolts, Charles placed Spanish counselors in a position of power and spent a significant part of his life in Castile, including his final years in a monastery. Indeed, his son and heir, later"

    === 26 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "Philip II of Spain , was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest. [41]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nPhilip II of Spain , was born and raised in Castile. Nonetheless, many Spaniards believed that their resources (largely consisting of flows of silver from the Americas) were being used to sustain Imperial-Habsburg policies that were not in the country's interest. [41]"

    === 27 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    'Charles inherited the  Austrian hereditary lands  in 1519, as  Charles I of Austria , and obtained the  election  as  Holy Roman Emperor  against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as  Emperor Charles V'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nCharles inherited the  Austrian hereditary lands  in 1519, as  Charles I of Austria , and obtained the  election  as  Holy Roman Emperor  against the candidacy of the French king. Since the Imperial election, he was known as  Emperor Charles V'

    === 28 ===
    chunk.text (29 tokens):
    'even outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the House of Habsburg used by Charles was  A.E.I.O.U.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (32 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\neven outside of Germany. The dynastic motto of the House of Habsburg used by Charles was  A.E.I.O.U.'

    === 29 ===
    chunk.text (59 tokens):
    '("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo" — "it is Austria\'s destiny to rule the world"; although its exact meaning remains disputed). Charles staunchly defended Catholicism as Lutheranism spread. Various German princes broke with him on religious grounds, fighting against him.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\n("Austria Est Imperare Orbi Universo" — "it is Austria\'s destiny to rule the world"; although its exact meaning remains disputed). Charles staunchly defended Catholicism as Lutheranism spread. Various German princes broke with him on religious grounds, fighting against him.'

    === 30 ===
    chunk.text (29 tokens):
    "Charles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of\nimperial diets  to maintain religious and political unity. [42] [43]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (32 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nCharles's presence in Germany was often marked by the organization of\nimperial diets  to maintain religious and political unity. [42] [43]"

    === 31 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'He was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the  Popes  to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nHe was frequently in Northern Italy, often taking part in complicated negotiations with the  Popes  to address the rise of Protestantism. It is important to note, though, that the German Catholics supported the Emperor. Charles had a close relationship with important German families, like the'

    === 32 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'House of Nassau , many of which were represented at his imperial court. Many German princes, noblemen and generals led his military campaigns against France and the  Ottomans  or accompanied him in his travels, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nHouse of Nassau , many of which were represented at his imperial court. Many German princes, noblemen and generals led his military campaigns against France and the  Ottomans  or accompanied him in his travels, and the bulk of his army was generally composed of German troops, especially the Imperial'

    === 33 ===
    chunk.text (32 tokens):
    'Landsknechte . [42] [43]\nThe dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (35 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nLandsknechte . [42] [43]\nThe dominions of the Habsburgs at the time of the abdication of Charles V in 1556'

    === 34 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nThe  Palace of Coudenberg  in  Brussels  from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.  Brussels  served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries. [44] [45] [ page\xa0needed ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\n[ edit ]\nThe  Palace of Coudenberg  in  Brussels  from a 17th-century portrait before it burnt down in 1731.  Brussels  served as the main seat of the imperial court of Charles V in the Low Countries. [44] [45] [ page\xa0needed ]'

    === 35 ===
    chunk.text (27 tokens):
    "In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included  Franche-Comté  and, most notably, the"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (35 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories that included  Franche-Comté  and, most notably, the"

    === 36 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "Low Countries . The latter territories mostly lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire and  French  fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of  Flanders , the last remnant of the"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nLow Countries . The latter territories mostly lay within the Holy Roman Empire and its borders, but were formally divided between fiefs of the Holy Roman Empire and  French  fiefs such as Charles's birthplace of  Flanders , the last remnant of the"

    === 37 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "Burgundian State , a powerful player in the  Hundred Years' War . Since he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay  homage"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nBurgundian State , a powerful player in the  Hundred Years' War . Since he was a minor, his aunt Margaret of Austria acted as regent, as appointed by Emperor Maximilian until 1515. She soon found herself at war with France over Charles's requirement to pay  homage"

    === 38 ===
    chunk.text (28 tokens):
    'to the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (36 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nto the French king for Flanders, as his father had done. The outcome was that France relinquished its ancient claim on Flanders in 1528.'

    === 39 ===
    chunk.text (37 tokens):
    "From 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of  Frisian peasants  (led by  Pier Gerlofs Donia  and"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (45 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nFrom 1515 to 1523, Charles's government in the Netherlands also had to contend with the rebellion of  Frisian peasants  (led by  Pier Gerlofs Donia  and"

    === 40 ===
    chunk.text (32 tokens):
    'Wijard Jelckama ). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nWijard Jelckama ). The rebels were initially successful but after a series of defeats, the remaining leaders were captured and executed in 1523.'

    === 41 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "Charles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of  Tournai ,  Artois ,  Utrecht ,  Groningen , and  Guelders . The  Seventeen Provinces  had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were  fiefs"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nCharles extended the Burgundian territory with the annexation of  Tournai ,  Artois ,  Utrecht ,  Groningen , and  Guelders . The  Seventeen Provinces  had been unified by Charles's Burgundian ancestors, but nominally were  fiefs"

    === 42 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'of either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Charles eventually won the  Guelders Wars  and united all provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders. In 1549, Charles issued a'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nof either France or the Holy Roman Empire. Charles eventually won the  Guelders Wars  and united all provinces under his rule, the last one being the Duchy of Guelders. In 1549, Charles issued a'

    === 43 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'Pragmatic Sanction , declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs. [46] [ page\nneeded ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (39 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nPragmatic Sanction , declaring the Low Countries to be a unified entity of which his family would be the heirs. [46] [ page\nneeded ]'

    === 44 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "The Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe Low Countries held an essential place in the Empire. For Charles V, they were his home, the region where he was born and spent his childhood. Because of trade and industry and the wealth of the region's cities, the Low Countries also represented a significant income for the"

    === 45 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "Imperial treasury.\nThe Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent  rebelled  in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nImperial treasury.\nThe Burgundian territories were generally loyal to Charles throughout his reign. The important city of Ghent  rebelled  in 1539 due to heavy tax payments demanded by Charles. The rebellion did not last long, however, as Charles's military response, with reinforcement from"

    === 46 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , [46] [ page\nneeded ] was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent. [47] [48]\nToledo  served as the main seat of the Imperial court of Charles V in  Castile . [49] [50]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nFernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba , [46] [ page\nneeded ] was swift and humiliating to the rebels of Ghent. [47] [48]\nToledo  served as the main seat of the Imperial court of Charles V in  Castile . [49] [50]'

    === 47 ===
    chunk.text (25 tokens):
    'The exterior of the  Palace of Charles V  in  Granada , which was built upon his wedding to  Isabella of Portugal  in 1526.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (33 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe exterior of the  Palace of Charles V  in  Granada , which was built upon his wedding to  Isabella of Portugal  in 1526.'

    === 48 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'In the Castilian  Cortes  of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the  Prince of Asturias , heir-apparent to his mother Queen  Joanna . [51]  On the other hand, in 1502, the  Aragonese  Corts'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn the Castilian  Cortes  of Valladolid in 1506 and of Madrid in 1510, Charles was sworn as the  Prince of Asturias , heir-apparent to his mother Queen  Joanna . [51]  On the other hand, in 1502, the  Aragonese  Corts'

    === 49 ===
    chunk.text (17 tokens):
    'gathered in  Zaragoza  and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (25 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\ngathered in  Zaragoza  and pledged an oath to Joanna as heiress-presumptive, but'

    === 50 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Alonso de Aragón , Archbishop of Zaragoza, (an illegitimate son of King Ferdinand) expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the  Corts'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAlonso de Aragón , Archbishop of Zaragoza, (an illegitimate son of King Ferdinand) expressed firmly that this oath could not establish jurisprudence, that is to say, modify the right of the succession, except by virtue of a formal agreement between the  Corts'

    === 51 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'and the King. [52] [53]  So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the  Crown of Aragon , which consisted of  Aragon ,  Majorca ,  Catalonia ,  Valencia ,  Naples ,  Sicily  and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nand the King. [52] [53]  So, upon the death of King Ferdinand II of Aragon, on 23 January 1516, Joanna inherited the  Crown of Aragon , which consisted of  Aragon ,  Majorca ,  Catalonia ,  Valencia ,  Naples ,  Sicily  and'

    === 52 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    'Sardinia , while Charles became governor general (regent). [54] [55]  Nevertheless, the Flemish wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by Emperor Maximilian I and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nSardinia , while Charles became governor general (regent). [54] [55]  Nevertheless, the Flemish wished Charles to assume the royal title, and this was supported by Emperor Maximilian I and'

    === 53 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "Pope Leo X . Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian  Regent , Cardinal  Jiménez de Cisneros  accepted the"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nPope Leo X . Consequently, after Ferdinand II's funeral on 14 March 1516, Charles I was proclaimed King of Castile and of Aragon jointly with his mother. Finally, the Castilian  Regent , Cardinal  Jiménez de Cisneros  accepted the"

    === 54 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'fait accompli , and the Castilian and Aragonese  Cortes  paid homage to him [56]  as King of Aragon jointly with his mother. [57]  Finally, when the Castilian  regent  Cardinal  Jiménez de Cisneros  accepted the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nfait accompli , and the Castilian and Aragonese  Cortes  paid homage to him [56]  as King of Aragon jointly with his mother. [57]  Finally, when the Castilian  regent  Cardinal  Jiménez de Cisneros  accepted the'

    === 55 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    "fait accompli , he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his instatement throughout the kingdom. [58]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (39 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nfait accompli , he acceded to Charles's desire to be proclaimed king and imposed his instatement throughout the kingdom. [58]"

    === 56 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Charles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King. [59]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (54 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nCharles arrived in his new kingdoms in autumn of 1517. Jiménez de Cisneros came to meet him but fell ill along the way, not without a suspicion of poison, and he died before reaching the King. [59]'

    === 57 ===
    chunk.text (45 tokens):
    'Due to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian  Cortes  in  Valladolid  (1518) proved difficult. [60]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nDue to the irregularity of Charles assuming the royal title while his mother, the legitimate queen, was alive, the negotiations with the Castilian  Cortes  in  Valladolid  (1518) proved difficult. [60]'

    === 58 ===
    chunk.text (37 tokens):
    'In the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak  Castilian ; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (45 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn the end Charles was accepted under the following conditions: he would learn to speak  Castilian ; he would not appoint foreigners; he was prohibited from taking precious metals from Castile beyond the'

    === 59 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'Quinto Real ; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the Crown of Aragon. [61]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nQuinto Real ; and he would respect the rights of his mother, Queen Joanna. The Cortes paid homage to him in Valladolid in February 1518. After this, Charles departed to the Crown of Aragon. [61]'

    === 60 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'He managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese  Cortes  and  Catalan  Corts , [62]  and he was recognized as King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona jointly with his mother, while his mother was kept confined and could only rule in name. [61]  The  Kingdom of Navarre'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nHe managed to overcome the resistance of the Aragonese  Cortes  and  Catalan  Corts , [62]  and he was recognized as King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona jointly with his mother, while his mother was kept confined and could only rule in name. [61]  The  Kingdom of Navarre'

    === 61 ===
    chunk.text (7 tokens):
    'had been  invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (15 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nhad been  invaded by Ferdinand of Aragon'

    === 62 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "jointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre ( Cortes ) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\njointly with Castile in 1512, but he pledged a formal oath to respect the kingdom. On Charles's accession to the Spanish thrones, the Parliament of Navarre ( Cortes ) required him to attend the coronation ceremony (to become Charles IV of Navarre). Still, this demand"

    === 63 ===
    chunk.text (16 tokens):
    'fell on deaf ears, and the parliament kept piling up grievances.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (24 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nfell on deaf ears, and the parliament kept piling up grievances.'

    === 64 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "Charles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarch's own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions. [63]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nCharles was accepted as sovereign, even though the Spanish felt uneasy with the Imperial style. Spanish kingdoms varied in their traditions. Castile had become an authoritarian, highly centralized kingdom, where the monarch's own will easily overrode legislative and justice institutions. [63]"

    === 65 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    'By contrast, in the Crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as  a contract with the people . [64]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nBy contrast, in the Crown of Aragon, and especially in the Pyrenean Kingdom of Navarre, law prevailed, and the monarchy was seen as  a contract with the people . [64]'

    === 66 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'This became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold absolute power in the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThis became an inconvenience and a matter of dispute for Charles V and later kings since realm-specific traditions limited their absolute power. With Charles, the government became more absolute, even though until his mother died in 1555, Charles did not hold absolute power in the'

    === 67 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'country.\nSoon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\ncountry.\nSoon resistance to the Emperor arose because of heavy taxation to support foreign wars in which Castilians had little interest and because Charles tended to select Flemings for high offices in Castile and America, ignoring Castilian candidates. The resistance culminated in the'

    === 68 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'Revolt of the Comuneros , which Charles suppressed. Comuneros released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. Immediately after crushing the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nRevolt of the Comuneros , which Charles suppressed. Comuneros released Joanna and wanted to depose Charles and support Joanna to be the sole monarch instead. While Joanna refused to depose her son, her confinement would continue after the revolt to prevent possible events alike. Immediately after crushing the'

    === 69 ===
    chunk.text (17 tokens):
    'Castilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (25 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nCastilian revolt, Charles was confronted again with the hot issue of Navarre when King'

    === 70 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "Henry II  attempted to  reconquer the kingdom . Main military operations lasted until 1524, when  Hondarribia  surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and  Cambrai )."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nHenry II  attempted to  reconquer the kingdom . Main military operations lasted until 1524, when  Hondarribia  surrendered to Charles's forces, but frequent cross-border clashes in the western Pyrenees only stopped in 1528 (Treaties of Madrid and  Cambrai )."

    === 71 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'After these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the  July Revolution  in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir  Philip II  to marry the heiress of Navarre,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAfter these events, Navarre remained a matter of domestic and international litigation still for a century (a French dynastic claim to the throne did not end until the  July Revolution  in 1830). Charles wanted his son and heir  Philip II  to marry the heiress of Navarre,'

    === 72 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "Jeanne d'Albret . Jeanne was instead forced to marry  William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg , but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married  Antoine de Bourbon , and both she and their son  Henry of Navarre"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nJeanne d'Albret . Jeanne was instead forced to marry  William, Duke of Julich-Cleves-Berg , but that childless marriage was annulled after four years. She next married  Antoine de Bourbon , and both she and their son  Henry of Navarre"

    === 73 ===
    chunk.text (11 tokens):
    'would oppose Philip II in the  French Wars of Religion .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (19 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nwould oppose Philip II in the  French Wars of Religion .'

    === 74 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "After its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestant heretics, diverted resources away"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAfter its integration into Charles's empire, Castile guaranteed effective military units and its American possessions provided the bulk of the empire's financial resources. However, the two conflicting strategies of Charles V, enhancing the possessions of his family and protecting Catholicism against Protestant heretics, diverted resources away"

    === 75 ===
    chunk.text (25 tokens):
    'from building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (33 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nfrom building up the Spanish economy. Elite elements in Spain called for more protection for the commercial networks, which were threatened by the'

    === 76 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Ottoman Empire  and  Barbary pirates . Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. [65]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (54 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nOttoman Empire  and  Barbary pirates . Charles instead focused on defeating Protestantism in Germany and the Netherlands, which proved to be lost causes. Each hastened the economic decline of the Spanish Empire in the next generation. [65]'

    === 77 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    "The enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the  inflation that affected the kingdom , resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II. [66]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe enormous budget deficit accumulated during Charles's reign, along with the  inflation that affected the kingdom , resulted in declaring bankruptcy during the reign of Philip II. [66]"

    === 78 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'Pope Clement VII  and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy , a 1580 portrait by  Jacopo Ligozzi . It depicts the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into  Bologna  in 1530 when Charles was  crowned  as  Holy Roman Emperor  by Clement VII.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nPope Clement VII  and Emperor Charles V on horseback under a canopy , a 1580 portrait by  Jacopo Ligozzi . It depicts the entry of the Pope and the Emperor into  Bologna  in 1530 when Charles was  crowned  as  Holy Roman Emperor  by Clement VII.'

    === 79 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'The  Crown of Aragon  inherited by Charles included the  Kingdom of Naples , the  Kingdom of Sicily  and the  Kingdom of Sardinia . As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as  King of Italy . The  Duchy of Milan , however, was under French control.  France'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe  Crown of Aragon  inherited by Charles included the  Kingdom of Naples , the  Kingdom of Sicily  and the  Kingdom of Sardinia . As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles was sovereign in several states of northern Italy as  King of Italy . The  Duchy of Milan , however, was under French control.  France'

    === 80 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    'took Milan from the  House of Sforza  after victory against  Switzerland  at the  Battle of Marignano  in 1515.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (32 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\ntook Milan from the  House of Sforza  after victory against  Switzerland  at the  Battle of Marignano  in 1515.'

    === 81 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'Imperial- Papal  troops succeeded in re-installing  Francesco II Sforza  in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the  Battle of Bicocca'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nImperial- Papal  troops succeeded in re-installing  Francesco II Sforza  in Milan in 1521, in the context of an alliance between Charles V and Pope Leo X. A Franco-Swiss army was expelled from Lombardy at the  Battle of Bicocca'

    === 82 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    '1522. In 1524,  Francis I of France  retook the initiative, crossing into  Lombardy  where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack.  Pavia'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\n1522. In 1524,  Francis I of France  retook the initiative, crossing into  Lombardy  where Milan, along with several other cities, once again fell to his attack.  Pavia'

    === 83 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    "alone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by  Charles de Lannoy  captured Francis and crushed his army in the  Battle of Pavia ."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nalone held out, and on 24 February 1525 (Charles's twenty-fifth birthday), Charles's forces led by  Charles de Lannoy  captured Francis and crushed his army in the  Battle of Pavia ."

    === 84 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    'In 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of  Massimiliano Stampa , one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. [67] [ page'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn 1535, Francesco II Sforza died without heirs, and Charles V annexed the territory as a vacant Imperial state with the help of  Massimiliano Stampa , one of the most influential courtiers of the late Duke. [67] [ page'

    === 85 ===
    chunk.text (26 tokens):
    'needed ] Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the  Italian Wars .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (34 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nneeded ] Charles successfully held on to all of its Italian territories, though they were invaded again on multiple occasions during the  Italian Wars .'

    === 86 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'In addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the  Ottoman Empire  and its vassal  Barbary pirates . In 1538 a  Holy League  consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nIn addition, Habsburg trade in the Mediterranean was consistently disrupted by the  Ottoman Empire  and its vassal  Barbary pirates . In 1538 a  Holy League  consisting of all the Italian states and the Spanish kingdoms was formed to drive the Ottomans back, but it was defeated at the'

    === 87 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    'Battle of Preveza . Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the  Battle of Lepanto  in 1571.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nBattle of Preveza . Decisive naval victory eluded Charles; it would not be achieved until after his death, at the  Battle of Lepanto  in 1571.'

    === 88 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    'A panorama of  Augsburg , the main  German  seat of the Imperial court and the location of many of the  Imperial Diets  presided over by Charles V depicted in a hand-coloured  woodcut  from the  Nuremberg Chronicle'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nA panorama of  Augsburg , the main  German  seat of the Imperial court and the location of many of the  Imperial Diets  presided over by Charles V depicted in a hand-coloured  woodcut  from the  Nuremberg Chronicle'

    === 89 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'After the death of his paternal grandfather,  Maximilian , in 1519, Charles inherited the  Habsburg monarchy . He was also the natural candidate of the  electors  to succeed his grandfather as  Holy Roman Emperor . He defeated the candidacies of  Frederick III of Saxony ,  Francis I of France , and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAfter the death of his paternal grandfather,  Maximilian , in 1519, Charles inherited the  Habsburg monarchy . He was also the natural candidate of the  electors  to succeed his grandfather as  Holy Roman Emperor . He defeated the candidacies of  Frederick III of Saxony ,  Francis I of France , and'

    === 90 ===
    chunk.text (6 tokens):
    'Henry VIII of England  in the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (14 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nHenry VIII of England  in the'

    === 91 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    '1519 Imperial election . According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520, he was crowned in Germany and some ten'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\n1519 Imperial election . According to some, Charles became emperor due to the fact that by paying huge bribes to the electors, he was the highest bidder. He won the crown on 28 June 1519. On 23 October 1520, he was crowned in Germany and some ten'

    === 92 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    'years later, on\n24 February 1530 , he was crowned  Holy Roman Emperor  by  Pope Clement VII  in  Bologna , the last emperor to receive a  papal coronation . [22] [68] [69]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nyears later, on\n24 February 1530 , he was crowned  Holy Roman Emperor  by  Pope Clement VII  in  Bologna , the last emperor to receive a  papal coronation . [22] [68] [69]'

    === 93 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'Others point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part. [70]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (39 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nOthers point out that while the electors were paid, this was not the reason for the outcome, or at most played only a small part. [70]'

    === 94 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'The important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction. [71] [72]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe important factor that swayed the final decision was that Frederick refused the offer, and made a speech in support of Charles on the ground that they needed a strong leader against the Ottomans, Charles had the resources and was a prince of German extraction. [71] [72]'

    === 95 ===
    chunk.text (33 tokens):
    '[73] [74]\nHunting scene near  Torgau  with Charles V and  John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony , by  Lucas Cranach the Younger , 1544'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (41 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\n[73] [74]\nHunting scene near  Torgau  with Charles V and  John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony , by  Lucas Cranach the Younger , 1544'

    === 96 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    'Although even at the beginning of his reign, his position was more powerful than that of any of his predecessors, the decentralized structure of the Empire proved resilient, not least because of the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nAlthough even at the beginning of his reign, his position was more powerful than that of any of his predecessors, the decentralized structure of the Empire proved resilient, not least because of the'

    === 97 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    'Reformation . It was exactly during this crucial period, Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to prevent  Imperial Cities  in Upper Germany from becoming estranged from Imperial power. [75]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nReformation . It was exactly during this crucial period, Charles V and Ferdinand were too busy with non-German affairs to prevent  Imperial Cities  in Upper Germany from becoming estranged from Imperial power. [75]'

    === 98 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "Due to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nDue to Charles V's difficulties in coordinating between the Austrian, Hungarian fronts and his Mediterranean fronts in the face of the Ottoman threat, as well as in his German, Burgundian and Italian theatres of war against German Protestant Princes and France, the defense of central Europe,"

    === 99 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    'as well as many responsibilities involving the management of the Empire, was subcontracted to Ferdinand. Charles V abdicated as\nArchduke of Austria  in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes  elect Ferdinand  as'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nas well as many responsibilities involving the management of the Empire, was subcontracted to Ferdinand. Charles V abdicated as\nArchduke of Austria  in 1522, and nine years after that he had the German princes  elect Ferdinand  as'

    === 100 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    'King of the Romans , who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". Afterwards, Ferdinand managed to gain control of  Bohemia ,  Croatia , and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nKing of the Romans , who thus became his designated successor as emperor, a move that "had profound implications for state formation in south-eastern Europe". Afterwards, Ferdinand managed to gain control of  Bohemia ,  Croatia , and'

    === 101 ===
    chunk.text (22 tokens):
    'Hungary , with support from local nobles and his German vassals. [76] [77] [78]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (30 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nHungary , with support from local nobles and his German vassals. [76] [77] [78]'

    === 102 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'Charles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nCharles abdicated as emperor in 1556 in favour of his brother Ferdinand; however, due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the abdication (and thus make it legally valid) until 24 February 1558. Up to that date, Charles continued'

    === 103 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'to use the title of emperor.\nFrancis I  and Charles V made peace at the  Truce of Nice  in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.\nCharles V in the 1550s after  Titian'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nto use the title of emperor.\nFrancis I  and Charles V made peace at the  Truce of Nice  in 1538. Francis refused to meet Charles in person, and the treaty was signed in separate rooms.\nCharles V in the 1550s after  Titian'

    === 104 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    "Much of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with  France , which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited  England , where his aunt,  Catherine of Aragon , urged her husband,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nMuch of Charles's reign was taken up by conflicts with  France , which found itself encircled by Charles's empire while it still maintained ambitions in Italy. In 1520, Charles visited  England , where his aunt,  Catherine of Aragon , urged her husband,"

    === 105 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    "Henry VIII , to ally himself with the Emperor. In 1508 Charles had been nominated by  Henry VII  to the  Order of the Garter . [79]  His  Garter stall plate  survives in  Saint George's Chapel ."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nHenry VIII , to ally himself with the Emperor. In 1508 Charles had been nominated by  Henry VII  to the  Order of the Garter . [79]  His  Garter stall plate  survives in  Saint George's Chapel ."

    === 106 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "The  first war  with Charles's great nemesis  Francis I of France  began in 1521. Charles allied with England and  Pope Leo X  against the French and the  Venetians , and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the  Battle of Pavia"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nThe  first war  with Charles's great nemesis  Francis I of France  began in 1521. Charles allied with England and  Pope Leo X  against the French and the  Venetians , and was highly successful, driving the French out of Milan and defeating and capturing Francis at the  Battle of Pavia"

    === 107 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    "in 1525. [80] [ page\nneeded ] To gain his freedom, Francis ceded  Burgundy  to Charles in the  Treaty of Madrid , as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over  Navarre ."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nin 1525. [80] [ page\nneeded ] To gain his freedom, Francis ceded  Burgundy  to Charles in the  Treaty of Madrid , as well as renouncing his support of Henry II's claim over  Navarre ."

    === 108 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'When he was released, however, Francis had the  Parlement of Paris  denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the  League of Cognac  that  Pope Clement VII  had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nWhen he was released, however, Francis had the  Parlement of Paris  denounce the treaty because it had been signed under duress. France then joined the  League of Cognac  that  Pope Clement VII  had formed with Henry VIII of England, the Venetians, the'

    === 109 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    "Florentines , and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's  sack of Rome (1527)  and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from  annulling"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nFlorentines , and the Milanese to resist imperial domination of Italy. In the ensuing war, Charles's  sack of Rome (1527)  and virtual imprisonment of Pope Clement VII in 1527 prevented the Pope from  annulling"

    === 110 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the  English Reformation . [81] [82]  In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the  Treaty of Cambrai"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nthe marriage of Henry VIII of England and Charles's aunt Catherine of Aragon, so Henry eventually broke with Rome, thus leading to the  English Reformation . [81] [82]  In other respects, the war was inconclusive. In the  Treaty of Cambrai"

    === 111 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    '(1529), called the "Ladies\' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles\'s aunt and Francis\' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\n(1529), called the "Ladies\' Peace" because it was negotiated between Charles\'s aunt and Francis\' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.'

    === 112 ===
    chunk.text (25 tokens):
    'A  third war  erupted in 1536. Following the death of  Francesco II Sforza , Charles installed his son  Philip  in the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (33 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nA  third war  erupted in 1536. Following the death of  Francesco II Sforza , Charles installed his son  Philip  in the'

    === 113 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "Duchy of Milan , despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally,  Charles III, Duke of Savoy , including his capital  Turin . A truce at"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nDuchy of Milan , despite Francis' claims on it. This war too was inconclusive. Francis failed to conquer Milan, but he succeeded in conquering most of the lands of Charles's ally,  Charles III, Duke of Savoy , including his capital  Turin . A truce at"

    === 114 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'Nice  in 1538 on the basis of  uti possidetis  ended the war but lasted only a short time.  War resumed in 1542 , with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan  Suleiman the Magnificent  and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the  conquest of Nice'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nNice  in 1538 on the basis of  uti possidetis  ended the war but lasted only a short time.  War resumed in 1542 , with Francis now allied with Ottoman Sultan  Suleiman the Magnificent  and Charles once again allied with Henry VIII. Despite the  conquest of Nice'

    === 115 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'by a  Franco-Ottoman fleet , the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the  status quo ante bellum'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nby a  Franco-Ottoman fleet , the French could not advance toward Milan, while a joint Anglo-Imperial invasion of northern France, led by Charles himself, won some successes but was ultimately abandoned, leading to another peace and restoration of the  status quo ante bellum'

    === 116 ===
    chunk.text (4 tokens):
    'in 1544.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (12 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nin 1544.'

    === 117 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "A  final war  erupted with Francis' son and successor,  Henry II , in 1551. Henry won early success in  Lorraine , where he  captured Metz , but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nA  final war  erupted with Francis' son and successor,  Henry II , in 1551. Henry won early success in  Lorraine , where he  captured Metz , but French offensives in Italy failed. Charles abdicated midway through this conflict, leaving further conduct of the war to his son,"

    === 118 ===
    chunk.text (14 tokens):
    'Philip II , and his brother,  Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (22 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nPhilip II , and his brother,  Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor .'

    === 119 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nDetail of a tapestry depicting the  conquest of Tunis  in the Tapestry Room of the  Alcázar Palace  in Seville'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (37 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\n[ edit ]\nDetail of a tapestry depicting the  conquest of Tunis  in the Tapestry Room of the  Alcázar Palace  in Seville'

    === 120 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'Charles fought continually with the  Ottoman Empire  and its sultan,  Suleiman the Magnificent . The defeat of  Hungary  at the  Battle of Mohács  in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe." [83] [84]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nCharles fought continually with the  Ottoman Empire  and its sultan,  Suleiman the Magnificent . The defeat of  Hungary  at the  Battle of Mohács  in 1526 "sent a wave of terror over Europe." [83] [84]'

    === 121 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'The Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the  Siege of Vienna (1529) , followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the  Danube  river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary  fell under Ottoman control .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nThe Muslim advance in Central Europe was halted at the  Siege of Vienna (1529) , followed by a counter-attack of Charles V across the  Danube  river. However, by 1541, central and southern Hungary  fell under Ottoman control .'

    === 122 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'Suleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the  conquest of Tunis  in 1535. [85]  The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the  Eastern Mediterranean  after its victories at  Preveza  in 1538 and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nSuleiman won the contest for mastery of the Mediterranean, in spite of Christian victories such as the  conquest of Tunis  in 1535. [85]  The regular Ottoman fleet came to dominate the  Eastern Mediterranean  after its victories at  Preveza  in 1538 and'

    === 123 ===
    chunk.text (29 tokens):
    "Djerba  in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the  Spanish Navy . At the same time, the Muslim"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nDjerba  in 1560 (shortly after Charles's death), which severely decimated the  Spanish Navy . At the same time, the Muslim"

    === 124 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'Barbary corsairs , acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nBarbary corsairs , acting under the general authority and supervision of the sultan, regularly devastated the Spanish and Italian coasts and crippled Spanish trade. The advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe chipped at the foundations of Habsburg power and diminished'

    === 125 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'Imperial prestige.\nIn 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nImperial prestige.\nIn 1536, Francis I allied France with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in 1538, he again allied himself with the Ottomans in 1542 in a'

    === 126 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Franco-Ottoman alliance . In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the  Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois . Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating [86]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nFranco-Ottoman alliance . In 1543, Charles allied himself with Henry VIII and forced Francis to sign the  Truce of Crépy-en-Laonnois . Later, in 1547, Charles signed a humiliating [86]'

    === 127 ===
    chunk.text (26 tokens):
    'treaty  with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war. [87] [ page\nneeded ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (39 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\ntreaty  with the Ottomans to gain himself some respite from the huge expenses of their war. [87] [ page\nneeded ]'

    === 128 ===
    chunk.text (26 tokens):
    'Charles V made overtures to the  Safavid Empire  to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (39 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nCharles V made overtures to the  Safavid Empire  to open a second front against the Ottomans, in an attempt at creating a'

    === 129 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'Habsburg–Persian alliance . Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nHabsburg–Persian alliance . Contacts were positive, but rendered difficult by enormous distances. In effect, however, the Safavids did enter in conflict with the Ottoman Empire in the'

    === 130 ===
    chunk.text (18 tokens):
    'Ottoman–Safavid War , forcing it to split its military resources. [88]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (31 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nOttoman–Safavid War , forcing it to split its military resources. [88]'

    === 131 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'During the 1541  expedition of Algiers , the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. [89]  A Turkish  chronicler  confirmed that the  Berber tribes  massacred 12,000 invaders. [90]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nDuring the 1541  expedition of Algiers , the losses amongst the invading force were heavy with 150 ships lost, plus large numbers of sailors and soldiers. [89]  A Turkish  chronicler  confirmed that the  Berber tribes  massacred 12,000 invaders. [90]'

    === 132 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    "Leaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns which would be recovered to furnish the ramparts of Algiers, Charles' army was taken prisoner in such numbers that the  markets of Algiers  were filled with slaves."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nConflicts with the Ottoman Empire\nLeaving war materiel, including 100 to 200 guns which would be recovered to furnish the ramparts of Algiers, Charles' army was taken prisoner in such numbers that the  markets of Algiers  were filled with slaves."

    === 133 ===
    chunk.text (30 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nSummons for  Martin Luther  to appear at the  Diet of Worms  signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\n[ edit ]\nSummons for  Martin Luther  to appear at the  Diet of Worms  signed by Charles V; the text on the left was on the reverse side.'

    === 134 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    '16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles\'s reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\n16th-century perception of German soldiers during Charles\'s reign (1525) portrayed in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes,'

    === 135 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    'diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by\nLucas de Heere  in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the  Ghent University Library . [91]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\ndiligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by\nLucas de Heere  in the second half of the 16th century. Preserved in the  Ghent University Library . [91]'

    === 136 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    'The issue of the  Reformation  was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As  Holy Roman Emperor , Charles called  Martin Luther  to the  Diet of Worms  in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the  Ninety-five Theses'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nThe issue of the  Reformation  was first brought to the imperial attention under Charles V. As  Holy Roman Emperor , Charles called  Martin Luther  to the  Diet of Worms  in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. After Luther defended the  Ninety-five Theses'

    === 137 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'and his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise  unified only in his person , and perceived Luther\'s teachings as a disruptive form of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nand his writings, the Emperor commented: "that monk will never make me a heretic". Charles V relied on religious unity to govern his various realms, otherwise  unified only in his person , and perceived Luther\'s teachings as a disruptive form of'

    === 138 ===
    chunk.text (14 tokens):
    'heresy . He outlawed Luther and issued the  Edict of Worms , declaring:'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (24 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nheresy . He outlawed Luther and issued the  Edict of Worms , declaring:'

    === 139 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'You know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nYou know that I am a descendant of the Most Christian Emperors of the great German people, of the Catholic Kings of Spain, of the Archdukes of Austria, and of the Dukes of Burgundy. All of these, their whole life long, were faithful sons of the Roman'

    === 140 ===
    chunk.text (1 tokens):
    'Church'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (11 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nChurch'

    === 141 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    '... After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\n... After their deaths they left, by natural law and heritage, these holy catholic rites, for us to live and die by, following their example. And so until now I have lived as a true follower of these our ancestors. I am therefore resolved to maintain'

    === 142 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    'everything which these my forebears have established to the present.\nCharles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.  Frederick III, Elector of Saxony'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\neverything which these my forebears have established to the present.\nCharles V, however, kept his word, and left Martin Luther free to leave the city.  Frederick III, Elector of Saxony'

    === 143 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    "and protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in  Wartburg . There, he began to work on his"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nand protector of Luther, lamented the outcome of the Diet. On the road back from Worms, Luther was kidnapped by Frederick's men and hidden in a distant castle in  Wartburg . There, he began to work on his"

    === 144 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'German translation of the bible . The spread of  Lutheranism  led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by  Thomas Muntzer  in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nGerman translation of the bible . The spread of  Lutheranism  led to two major revolts: that of the knights in 1522–1523 and that of the peasants led by  Thomas Muntzer  in 1524–1525. While the pro-Imperial'

    === 145 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "Swabian League , in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace. Conflict with the pope led Charles' agents to remind the pope of the bad position that the Protestants were putting the Vatican"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nSwabian League , in conjunction with Protestant princes afraid of social revolts, restored order, Charles V used the instrument of pardon to maintain peace. Conflict with the pope led Charles' agents to remind the pope of the bad position that the Protestants were putting the Vatican"

    === 146 ===
    chunk.text (21 tokens):
    'in. [92]\nCharles V receives the  Augsburg Confession  at the  Diet of Augsburg  on 25 June 1530'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (31 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nin. [92]\nCharles V receives the  Augsburg Confession  at the  Diet of Augsburg  on 25 June 1530'

    === 147 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Following this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial  Diet of Augsburg  was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the  Ottoman'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nFollowing this, Charles V took a tolerant approach and pursued a policy of reconciliation with the Lutherans. The 1530 Imperial  Diet of Augsburg  was requested by Emperor Charles V to decide on three issues: first, the defence of the Empire against the  Ottoman'

    === 148 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'threat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation. [93]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nthreat; second, issues related to policy, currency and public well-being; and, third, disagreements about Christianity, in attempt to reach some compromise and a chance to deal with the German situation. [93]'

    === 149 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "The Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on 20 June. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the 1530 declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the  Augsburg Confession  ( Confessio Augustana ), a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant  Philip Melanchthon"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nThe Diet was inaugurated by the emperor on 20 June. It produced numerous outcomes, most notably the 1530 declaration of the Lutheran estates known as the  Augsburg Confession  ( Confessio Augustana ), a central document of Lutheranism. Luther's assistant  Philip Melanchthon"

    === 150 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'went even further and presented it to Charles V. The Emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the  Schmalkaldic League  was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the  standstill of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nwent even further and presented it to Charles V. The Emperor strongly rejected it, and in 1531 the  Schmalkaldic League  was formed by Protestant princes. In 1532, Charles V recognized the League and effectively suspended the Edict of Worms with the  standstill of'

    === 151 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Nuremberg . The  standstill  required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an  ecumenical council  of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nNuremberg . The  standstill  required the Protestants to continue to take part in the Imperial wars against the Turks and the French, and postponed religious affairs until an  ecumenical council  of the Catholic Church was called by the Pope to solve the issue.'

    === 152 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    'Due to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the  Colloquy of Regensburg  between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the  Council of Trent'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nDue to Papal delays in organizing a general council, Charles V decided to organize a German summit and presided over the  Colloquy of Regensburg  between Catholics and Lutherans in 1541, but no compromise was achieved. In 1545, the  Council of Trent'

    === 153 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'was finally opened and the  Counter-Reformation  began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. [94]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nwas finally opened and the  Counter-Reformation  began. The Catholic initiative was supported by a number of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the Schmalkaldic League refused to recognize the validity of the council and occupied territories of Catholic princes. [94]'

    === 154 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "Therefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546. [95]  The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated  John Frederick, Elector of Saxony , and  Philip of Hesse"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nTherefore, Charles V outlawed the Schmalkaldic League and opened hostilities against it in 1546. [95]  The next year his forces drove the League's troops out of southern Germany, and defeated  John Frederick, Elector of Saxony , and  Philip of Hesse"

    === 155 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'at the  Battle of Mühlberg , capturing both. At the  Augsburg Interim  in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nat the  Battle of Mühlberg , capturing both. At the  Augsburg Interim  in 1548, he created a solution giving certain allowances to Protestants until the Council of Trent would restore unity. However, members of both sides resented the Interim and some actively opposed it.'

    === 156 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'The council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in  Innsbruck , Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nThe council was re-opened in 1550 with the participation of Lutherans, and Charles V set up the Imperial court in  Innsbruck , Austria, sufficiently close to Trent for him to follow the evolution of the debates. In 1552 Protestant princes, in alliance with'

    === 157 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'Henry II of France , rebelled again and the  Second Schmalkaldic War  began.  Maurice of Saxony , instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the  Imperial army'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nHenry II of France , rebelled again and the  Second Schmalkaldic War  began.  Maurice of Saxony , instrumental for the Imperial victory in the first conflict, switched side to the Protestant cause and bypassed the  Imperial army'

    === 158 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    'by marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to  Villach  in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture  Metz'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nby marching directly into Innsbruck with the goal of capturing the Emperor. Charles V was forced to flee the city during an attack of gout and barely made it alive to  Villach  in a state of semi-consciousness carried in a litter. After failing to recapture  Metz'

    === 159 ===
    chunk.text (35 tokens):
    'from the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the  Peace of Augsburg'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (45 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nfrom the French, Charles V returned to the Low Countries for the last years of his emperorship. In 1555, he instructed his brother Ferdinand to sign the  Peace of Augsburg'

    === 160 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    'in his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms. [96]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (34 tokens):
    'Birth and childhood\nBurgundy and the Low Countries\nProtestant Reformation\nin his name. The agreements led to the religious division of Germany between Catholic and Protestant princedoms. [96]'

    === 161 ===
    chunk.text (3 tokens):
    '[ edit ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (8 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\n[ edit ]'

    === 162 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "[ edit ]\nIn  Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels ,  Frans Francken the Younger 's depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between  Philip II of Spain  and  Emperor Ferdinand I"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n[ edit ]\nIn  Allegory on the abdication of Emperor Charles V in Brussels ,  Frans Francken the Younger 's depiction of Charles V in the allegorical act of dividing the entire world between  Philip II of Spain  and  Emperor Ferdinand I"

    === 163 ===
    chunk.text (12 tokens):
    'Habsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (22 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nHabsburg dominions in the centuries following their partition by Charles V'

    === 164 ===
    chunk.text (45 tokens):
    'Between 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the  House of Habsburg  between a senior Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications all occurred at the  Palace of Coudenberg  in'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nBetween 1554 and 1556, Charles V gradually divided the Habsburg empire and the  House of Habsburg  between a senior Spanish line and a German-Austrian branch. His abdications all occurred at the  Palace of Coudenberg  in'

    === 165 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    'Brussels . First he abdicated the thrones of  Sicily  and  Naples , the latter a Papal fief, and the Imperial  Duchy of Milan , in favour of his son  Philip'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nBrussels . First he abdicated the thrones of  Sicily  and  Naples , the latter a Papal fief, and the Imperial  Duchy of Milan , in favour of his son  Philip'

    === 166 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'on 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the Emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by  Pope Julius III'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\non 25 July 1554. Philip was secretly invested with Milan already in 1540 and again in 1546, but only in 1554 did the Emperor make it public. Upon the abdications of Naples and Sicily, Philip was invested by  Pope Julius III'

    === 167 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'with the Kingdom of Naples on 2 October and with the Kingdom of Sicily on 18 November. [97]\nThe most famous\xa0– and only public\n– abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the  States General of the Netherlands'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nwith the Kingdom of Naples on 2 October and with the Kingdom of Sicily on 18 November. [97]\nThe most famous\xa0– and only public\n– abdication took place a year later, on 25 October 1555, when Charles announced to the  States General of the Netherlands'

    === 168 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    '(reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour of his son Philip as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n(reunited in the great hall where he was emancipated forty years before by Emperor Maximilian) his abdication of those territories in favour of his son Philip as well as his intention to step down from all of his positions and retire to a monastery.'

    === 169 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    '[97]\nDuring the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor  William the Silent  and, crying, pronounced his  resignation speech :'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n[97]\nDuring the ceremony, the gout-afflicted Emperor Charles V leaned on the shoulder of his advisor  William the Silent  and, crying, pronounced his  resignation speech :'

    === 170 ===
    chunk.text (41 tokens):
    'When I was nineteen\xa0... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nWhen I was nineteen\xa0... I undertook to be a candidate for the Imperial crown, not to increase my possessions but rather to engage myself more vigorously in working for the welfare of Germany and my other realms'

    === 171 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    '... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n... and in the hopes of thereby bringing peace among the Christian peoples and uniting their fighting forces for the defense of the Catholic faith against the Ottomans...I had almost reached my goal, when the attack by the French king and some German princes called me once'

    === 172 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'more to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nmore to arms. Against my enemies I accomplished what I could, but success in war lies in the hands of God, Who gives victory or takes it away, as He pleases'

    === 173 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    '... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n... I must for my part confess that I have often misled myself, either from youthful inexperience, from the pride of mature years, or from some other weakness of human nature. I nonetheless declare to you that I never knowingly or willingly acted'

    === 174 ===
    chunk.text (3 tokens):
    'unjustly'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (13 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nunjustly'

    === 175 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    '... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\n... If actions of this kind are nevertheless justly laid to my account, I formally assure you now that I did them unknowingly and against my own intention. I therefore beg those present today, whom I have offended in this respect, together with those'

    === 176 ===
    chunk.text (11 tokens):
    'who are absent, to forgive me. [98]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (21 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nwho are absent, to forgive me. [98]'

    === 177 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'He concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nHe concluded the speech by mentioning his voyages: ten to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, seven to Spain, seven to Italy, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. His last public words were, "My life has been one long'

    === 178 ===
    chunk.text (32 tokens):
    'journey."\nWith no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the  Spanish Empire'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\njourney."\nWith no fanfare, in 1556 he finalised his abdications. On 16 January 1556, he gave Spain and the  Spanish Empire'

    === 179 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'in the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the  prince-electors  assembled at  Frankfurt'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nin the Americas to Philip. On 27 August 1556, he abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in favour of his brother Ferdinand, elected King of the Romans in 1531. The succession was recognized by the  prince-electors  assembled at  Frankfurt'

    === 180 ===
    chunk.text (41 tokens):
    "only in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559. [99] [100] [101]  The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and  suo jure"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nonly in 1558, and by the Pope only in 1559. [99] [100] [101]  The Imperial abdication also marked the beginning of Ferdinand's legal and  suo jure"

    === 181 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    "rule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526. [102]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nrule in the Austrian possessions, that he governed in Charles's name since 1521–1522 and were attached to Hungary and Bohemia since 1526. [102]"

    === 182 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'According to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nAccording to scholars, Charles decided to abdicate for a variety of reasons: the religious division of Germany sanctioned in 1555; the state of Spanish finances, bankrupted with inflation by the time his reign ended; the revival of Italian Wars with attacks from Henry II of'

    === 183 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    'France; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of\ngout  such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nDivision of the Habsburgs\nFrance; the never-ending advance of the Ottomans in the Mediterranean and central Europe; and his declining health, in particular attacks of\ngout  such as the one that forced him to postpone an attempt to recapture the city of Metz where he was later defeated.'

    === 184 ===
    chunk.text (18 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nDeathbed of the Emperor at the  Monastery of Yuste , Cáceres'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (28 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\n[ edit ]\nDeathbed of the Emperor at the  Monastery of Yuste , Cáceres'

    === 185 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    'In September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,  Mary of Hungary  and  Eleanor of Austria . He arrived at the  Monastery of Yuste  of  Extremadura'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (50 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nIn September 1556, Charles left the Low Countries and sailed to Spain accompanied by his sisters,  Mary of Hungary  and  Eleanor of Austria . He arrived at the  Monastery of Yuste  of  Extremadura'

    === 186 ===
    chunk.text (41 tokens):
    'in 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by  Titian'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nin 1557. He continued to correspond widely and kept an interest in the situation of the empire, while suffering from severe gout. He lived alone in a secluded monastery, surrounded by paintings by  Titian'

    === 187 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'and with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. [103]  In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was diagnosed in the twenty-first century as  malaria . [104]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nand with clocks lining every wall, which some historians believe were symbols of his reign and his lack of time. [103]  In August 1558, Charles was taken seriously ill with what was diagnosed in the twenty-first century as  malaria . [104]'

    === 188 ===
    chunk.text (41 tokens):
    'He died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died. [105]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nHe died in the early hours of the morning on 21 September 1558, at the age of 58, holding in his hand the cross that his wife Isabella had been holding when she died. [105]'

    === 189 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'Following his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nFollowing his death, there were a plethora of commemorations in his empire, including in Mexico and Peru. Some 30,000 masses were arranged for the soul of the Emperor and some 30,000 gold ducats that he had set aside for the ransom of'

    === 190 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    'prisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off. [106]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nprisoners, poor virgins, and paupers were distributed, but he owed huge debts from his constant warfare far beyond the funds on hand, which his heirs spent decades paying off. [106]'

    === 191 ===
    chunk.text (20 tokens):
    "Charles's illegitimate son  John of Austria  being presented to Charles in Yuste, by  Eduardo Rosales"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (30 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles's illegitimate son  John of Austria  being presented to Charles in Yuste, by  Eduardo Rosales"

    === 192 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'Charles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a  codicil  in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. [107]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles was originally buried in the chapel of the Monastery of Yuste, but he left a  codicil  in his last will and testament asking for the establishment of a new religious foundation in which he would be reburied with Isabella. [107]'

    === 193 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    "Following his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the Monastery of San Lorenzo de"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (41 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nFollowing his return to Spain in 1559, their son Philip undertook the task of fulfilling his father's wish when he founded the Monastery of San Lorenzo de"

    === 194 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "El Escorial . After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nEl Escorial . After the Monastery's Royal Crypt was completed in 1574, the bodies of Charles and Isabella were relocated and re-interred into a small vault directly underneath the altar of the Royal Chapel, in accordance with Charles's wishes to be buried"

    === 195 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    '"half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest\'s feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\n"half-body under the altar and half-body under the priest\'s feet" side by side with Isabella. They remained in the Royal Chapel while the famous Basilica of the Monastery and the Royal tombs were still under construction. In 1654, after the Basilica and Royal'

    === 196 ===
    chunk.text (12 tokens):
    'tombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (22 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\ntombs were finally completed during the reign of their great-grandson'

    === 197 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'Philip IV , the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. [108]  On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter  Maria of Austria'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPhilip IV , the remains of Charles and Isabella were moved into the Royal Pantheon of Kings, which lies directly under the Basilica. [108]  On one side of the Basilica are bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella, with effigies of their daughter  Maria of Austria'

    === 198 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    "and Charles's sisters  Eleanor of Austria  and  Maria of Hungary  behind them. Adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson  Carlos, Prince of Asturias ."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nand Charles's sisters  Eleanor of Austria  and  Maria of Hungary  behind them. Adjacent to them on the opposite side of the Basilica are effigies of their son Philip with three of his wives and their ill-fated grandson  Carlos, Prince of Asturias ."

    === 199 ===
    chunk.text (17 tokens):
    'Empire of Charles V at its peak with  The Americas  an ocean away from his European realms'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (27 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nEmpire of Charles V at its peak with  The Americas  an ocean away from his European realms'

    === 200 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'Given the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed  deputies  to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first  Governor of the Netherlands  was  Margaret of Austria  (succeeded by his sister  Mary of Hungary  and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nGiven the vast dominions of the House of Habsburg, Charles was often on the road and needed  deputies  to govern his realms for the times he was absent from his territories. His first  Governor of the Netherlands  was  Margaret of Austria  (succeeded by his sister  Mary of Hungary  and'

    === 201 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy ). His first  Regent of Spain  was  Adrian of Utrecht  (succeeded by  Isabella of Portugal  and  Philip II of Spain ). For the regency and governorship of the  Austrian hereditary lands , Charles named his brother  Ferdinand'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nEmmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy ). His first  Regent of Spain  was  Adrian of Utrecht  (succeeded by  Isabella of Portugal  and  Philip II of Spain ). For the regency and governorship of the  Austrian hereditary lands , Charles named his brother  Ferdinand'

    === 202 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'archduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the  Diet of Worms  (1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as  King of the Romans  in Germany, which took place  in 1531 . By virtue of these agreements Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\narchduke in the Austrian lands under his authority at the  Diet of Worms  (1521). Charles also agreed to favor the election of Ferdinand as  King of the Romans  in Germany, which took place  in 1531 . By virtue of these agreements Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and obtained'

    === 203 ===
    chunk.text (22 tokens):
    'hereditary rights  over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556. [102] [109] [ page'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (32 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nhereditary rights  over Austria at the abdication of Charles in 1556. [102] [109] [ page'

    === 204 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'needed ]  Charles de Lannoy ,  Carafa  and  Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez  were viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nneeded ]  Charles de Lannoy ,  Carafa  and  Antonio Folc de Cardona y Enriquez  were viceroys of the kingdoms of Naples, Sicily and Sardinia, respectively.'

    === 205 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'Overall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, [110]  seven to Spain, [111]  seven to Italy, [112]  four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. [113]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nOverall, Charles V travelled ten times to the Low Countries, nine to Germany, [110]  seven to Spain, [111]  seven to Italy, [112]  four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. [113]'

    === 206 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'During all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nDuring all his travels, the Emperor left a documentary trail in almost every place he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent 10,000 days in the Low Countries, 6,500 days in Spain, 3,000 days in Germany, and 1,000 days'

    === 207 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'in Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions. [114]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nin Italy. He further spent 195 days in France, 99 in North Africa and 44 days in England. For only 260 days his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea travelling between his dominions. [114]'

    === 208 ===
    chunk.text (23 tokens):
    'As he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey". [113]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (33 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nAs he put it in his last public speech: "my life has been one long journey". [113]'

    === 209 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    'Charles never traveled to his overseas possessions in the Americas, since such a transatlantic crossing to a place not central to his political interests at the time was unthinkable.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles never traveled to his overseas possessions in the Americas, since such a transatlantic crossing to a place not central to his political interests at the time was unthinkable.'

    === 210 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "The New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side of"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe New World was an increasingly important part of the balance of power, but it was completely subordinate to European considerations. The Spanish colonial empire took up relatively little of Charles V's time. Its principal function was to provide resources to support his ambitions on the near side of"

    === 211 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'the Atlantic: again and again, it was bullion from the Indies – a fifth of total revenue – which either funded campaigns against the French, Turks, and German princes directly, or provided the security against which the Emperor could borrow the great banking\nhouse of Fugger'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nthe Atlantic: again and again, it was bullion from the Indies – a fifth of total revenue – which either funded campaigns against the French, Turks, and German princes directly, or provided the security against which the Emperor could borrow the great banking\nhouse of Fugger'

    === 212 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    "in Augsburg. For example, of nearly 2 million escudos' worth of treasury, the largest recipient was Germany, followed by the Low Countries. Charles's travels throughout his reign also show his priority quite clearly: he visited Italy on seven occasions, France on"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nin Augsburg. For example, of nearly 2 million escudos' worth of treasury, the largest recipient was Germany, followed by the Low Countries. Charles's travels throughout his reign also show his priority quite clearly: he visited Italy on seven occasions, France on"

    === 213 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    'four, and England and Africa on two, and spent six long stays in Spain itself, but he travelled to Flanders and Germany on no fewer than nineteen occasions; he never visited the Americas. His imperial status stemmed from the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (54 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nfour, and England and Africa on two, and spent six long stays in Spain itself, but he travelled to Flanders and Germany on no fewer than nineteen occasions; he never visited the Americas. His imperial status stemmed from the'

    === 214 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    'Imperium Romanum , not the global sweep of his lands. In short, the Holy Roman Empire, not the emerging Spanish empire, provided the Imperial context in which the ambitions of Charles V played out.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nImperium Romanum , not the global sweep of his lands. In short, the Holy Roman Empire, not the emerging Spanish empire, provided the Imperial context in which the ambitions of Charles V played out.'

    === 215 ===
    chunk.text (21 tokens):
    '—\u200aEurope, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (31 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\n—\u200aEurope, the Struggle for Supremacy, 1453 to the Present, p.87, Brendan Simms'

    === 216 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'He did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based  Council of the Indies  in 1524 and the establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  and the  Viceroyalty of Peru  when the  Aztec  and  Inca'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nHe did, however, establish strong administrative structures to rule them, including the European-based  Council of the Indies  in 1524 and the establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  and the  Viceroyalty of Peru  when the  Aztec  and  Inca'

    === 217 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'civilizations were conquered in his name.\nIn 1534, Charles accepted a personal audience with Maxixcatzin, a nobleman from  Tlaxcala  who demanded and received several special privileges for his city and its people. [115]  The  Tlaxcallans'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\ncivilizations were conquered in his name.\nIn 1534, Charles accepted a personal audience with Maxixcatzin, a nobleman from  Tlaxcala  who demanded and received several special privileges for his city and its people. [115]  The  Tlaxcallans'

    === 218 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "had formed an alliance with Spain and were instrumental in the overthrow of the Aztecs and other conquests in the Americas. Charles' decrees recognized their contributions and promised that Tlaxcala's autonomy would be preserved. His treatment of the Tlaxcallans"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nhad formed an alliance with Spain and were instrumental in the overthrow of the Aztecs and other conquests in the Americas. Charles' decrees recognized their contributions and promised that Tlaxcala's autonomy would be preserved. His treatment of the Tlaxcallans"

    === 219 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    'and other friendly native peoples as important allies rather than conquered subjects ensured strong support from Tlaxcala and other allied native groups for the next three centuries. [116]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nand other friendly native peoples as important allies rather than conquered subjects ensured strong support from Tlaxcala and other allied native groups for the next three centuries. [116]'

    === 220 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'The second tapestry in the series  Battle of Pavia  by  Bernard van Orley : The  Marquis of Pescara  leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and  Georg von Frundsberg  leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery [117]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe second tapestry in the series  Battle of Pavia  by  Bernard van Orley : The  Marquis of Pescara  leading an Imperial attack on the French cavalry and  Georg von Frundsberg  leading the Landsknechte against the French artillery [117]'

    === 221 ===
    chunk.text (8 tokens):
    'Heavy cavalry  at the  Battle of Pavia'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (18 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nHeavy cavalry  at the  Battle of Pavia'

    === 222 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'Under the organization and patronage of Maximilian I, Southern Germany had become the leading arms industry region of the 16th century, rivalled only by Northern Italy with the chief centers being  Nuremberg ,  Augsburg ,  Milan , and  Brescia . [118] [119] [120]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nUnder the organization and patronage of Maximilian I, Southern Germany had become the leading arms industry region of the 16th century, rivalled only by Northern Italy with the chief centers being  Nuremberg ,  Augsburg ,  Milan , and  Brescia . [118] [119] [120]'

    === 223 ===
    chunk.text (28 tokens):
    'Charles V continued with the development of mass production (and standardization of gun caliber), which greatly affected warfare. [121] [122]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (38 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles V continued with the development of mass production (and standardization of gun caliber), which greatly affected warfare. [121] [122]'

    === 224 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'The  Helmschmied  of Augsburg and the  Negroli  of Milan were among the foremost families of armourers of the time. Under Charles V, the Spanish arms industry was also significantly expanded, with significant improvements of the  muskets . [123] [124]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe  Helmschmied  of Augsburg and the  Negroli  of Milan were among the foremost families of armourers of the time. Under Charles V, the Spanish arms industry was also significantly expanded, with significant improvements of the  muskets . [123] [124]'

    === 225 ===
    chunk.text (35 tokens):
    "The  Landsknechte , originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and  Georg von Frundsberg , formed the bulk of Charles V's army. They surpassed the  Swiss mercenaries"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (45 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nThe  Landsknechte , originally recruited and organized by Maximilian and  Georg von Frundsberg , formed the bulk of Charles V's army. They surpassed the  Swiss mercenaries"

    === 226 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'in quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops in the first half of the 16th century for their brutal and ruthless efficiency, with a French saying going "a Landsknecht thrown out heaven couldn\'t'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nin quality and quantity as the "best and most easily available mercenaries in Europe" and were considered best fighting troops in the first half of the 16th century for their brutal and ruthless efficiency, with a French saying going "a Landsknecht thrown out heaven couldn\'t'

    === 227 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    'get in hell because he would frighten the devil". [125] [126] [127] [128]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (34 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nget in hell because he would frighten the devil". [125] [126] [127] [128]'

    === 228 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'Terrence McIntosh notes that, Charles V, like his grandfather, "relied heavily on German military manpower, fearsome landsknechts, as well as redoubtable Swiss-German mercenaries. Maximilian invaded northern Italy in 1496, 1508, and repeatedly'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nTerrence McIntosh notes that, Charles V, like his grandfather, "relied heavily on German military manpower, fearsome landsknechts, as well as redoubtable Swiss-German mercenaries. Maximilian invaded northern Italy in 1496, 1508, and repeatedly'

    === 229 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'between 1509 and 1516. Soon after the Imperial election in 1519, Charles V was waging war there. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nbetween 1509 and 1516. Soon after the Imperial election in 1519, Charles V was waging war there. His overwhelmingly German troops won the Battle of Pavia and captured the French king in 1525; two years later they sacked the city of Rome, murdering'

    === 230 ===
    chunk.text (14 tokens):
    'between six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months."'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (24 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nbetween six and twelve thousand residents and pillaging for eight months."'

    === 231 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    "His expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nHis expansionist and aggressive policy, in combination with the brutal behaviours of the Landsknechte, which incidentally happened right at the formation of the early modern German nation, would leave an indelible mark on his neighbours' impression of the German"

    === 232 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    'polity, despite the fact that in the long term, it was in general not belligerent. [129]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (34 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\npolity, despite the fact that in the long term, it was in general not belligerent. [129]'

    === 233 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'Charles V also favoured German heavy cavalry, although costly. [130]  Many cavalrymen and noblemen fighting for Charles V were of Burgundian extraction, often part of the  Order of the Golden Fleece . Italian  condottieri  were also recruited.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles V also favoured German heavy cavalry, although costly. [130]  Many cavalrymen and noblemen fighting for Charles V were of Burgundian extraction, often part of the  Order of the Golden Fleece . Italian  condottieri  were also recruited.'

    === 234 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'In Spain, inheriting the reform work of  Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , in 1536, Charles reorganized his infantry and created the first units of the  tercios . [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nIn Spain, inheriting the reform work of  Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , in 1536, Charles reorganized his infantry and created the first units of the  tercios . [131] [132] [133] [134] [135]'

    === 235 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'Later they would become "the most formidable fighting force of the sixteenth century". [136] [137]  The original tercios were exclusively Spanish and this situation remained until Philip II organized the Italian tercios in 1584. [132]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nLater they would become "the most formidable fighting force of the sixteenth century". [136] [137]  The original tercios were exclusively Spanish and this situation remained until Philip II organized the Italian tercios in 1584. [132]'

    === 236 ===
    chunk.text (23 tokens):
    'Anton Fugger  burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by  Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (33 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nAnton Fugger  burning the debenture bonds of Charles V in 1535, a portrait by  Karl Ludwig Friedrich Becker'

    === 237 ===
    chunk.text (33 tokens):
    "Charles's main sources of revenue were from  Castile ,  Naples  and the  Low Countries , which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish  ducats"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCharles's main sources of revenue were from  Castile ,  Naples  and the  Low Countries , which yielded in total an annual amount of around 2.8 million Spanish  ducats"

    === 238 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    "in the 1520s and about 4.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1540s. Ferdinand I's annual revenue totalled between 1.7 million and 1.9 million Venetian ducats (2.15–2.5 million florin or Rhine"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nin the 1520s and about 4.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1540s. Ferdinand I's annual revenue totalled between 1.7 million and 1.9 million Venetian ducats (2.15–2.5 million florin or Rhine"

    === 239 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'gulden). Their chief enemy, the Ottomans, had a more streamlined and profitable system, yielding in total 10 million gold ducats in 1527–1528 and also did not suffer from deficit. [138] [139]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\ngulden). Their chief enemy, the Ottomans, had a more streamlined and profitable system, yielding in total 10 million gold ducats in 1527–1528 and also did not suffer from deficit. [138] [139]'

    === 240 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'He often had to depend on loans from bankers. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the  Fuggers  and 4.2 million from the  Welsers  of  Augsburg . Other creditors were from'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nHe often had to depend on loans from bankers. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total during his reign, of which 5.5 million ducats came from the  Fuggers  and 4.2 million from the  Welsers  of  Augsburg . Other creditors were from'

    === 241 ===
    chunk.text (9 tokens):
    'Genoa ,  Antwerp  and Spain. [140]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (19 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nGenoa ,  Antwerp  and Spain. [140]'

    === 242 ===
    chunk.text (3 tokens):
    '[ edit ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (20 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\n[ edit ]'

    === 243 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'Allegory of the reign of Charles V , a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I; Pope Clement VII; Francis I; the Duke of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nAllegory of the reign of Charles V , a 16th-century painting by anonymous French painter. Charles V and his enemies (from left to right): Suleiman I; Pope Clement VII; Francis I; the Duke of'

    === 244 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Cleves; the Duke of Saxony; and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse\nThe Habsburg expansion and consolidation of rule was accompanied by remarkable development of communication, diplomatic and espionage systems. In 1495, Emperor Maximilian and  Franz von Taxis'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nCleves; the Duke of Saxony; and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse\nThe Habsburg expansion and consolidation of rule was accompanied by remarkable development of communication, diplomatic and espionage systems. In 1495, Emperor Maximilian and  Franz von Taxis'

    === 245 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    '[ de ] (from the  Thurn und Taxis  family) developed the  Niederländische Postkurs , a postal system that connected the  Low Countries  with'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\n[ de ] (from the  Thurn und Taxis  family) developed the  Niederländische Postkurs , a postal system that connected the  Low Countries  with'

    === 246 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'Innsbruck . The system quickly converged with the European trade system and an emerging market for news, [141]  spurring a pan-Europe communication revolution [142] [143]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nInnsbruck . The system quickly converged with the European trade system and an emerging market for news, [141]  spurring a pan-Europe communication revolution [142] [143]'

    === 247 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'The system was developed further by  Philip the Handsome , who negotiated new standards for the systems with the Taxis, and unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in  Granada ,  Toledo ,  Blois ,  Paris  and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nThe system was developed further by  Philip the Handsome , who negotiated new standards for the systems with the Taxis, and unified communication between Germany, the Netherlands, France and Spain by adding stations in  Granada ,  Toledo ,  Blois ,  Paris  and'

    === 248 ===
    chunk.text (8 tokens):
    'Lyon  in 1505. [144]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (25 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nLyon  in 1505. [144]'

    === 249 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'After his father\'s death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nAfter his father\'s death, Charles, as Duke of Burgundy, continued to develop the system. Behringer notes that, "Whereas the status of private mail remains unclear in the treaty of 1506, it is obvious from the'

    === 250 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'contract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as long as it guaranteed the delivery of court mail at clearly defined speeds, regulated by time sheets to be filled in by the post riders on the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\ncontract of 1516 that the Taxis company had the right to carry mail and keep the profit as long as it guaranteed the delivery of court mail at clearly defined speeds, regulated by time sheets to be filled in by the post riders on the'

    === 251 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'way to their destination. In return, imperial privileges guaranteed exemption from local taxes, local jurisdiction, and military service. 21 The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations."'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nway to their destination. In return, imperial privileges guaranteed exemption from local taxes, local jurisdiction, and military service. 21 The terminology of the early modern communications system and the legal status of its participants were invented at these negotiations."'

    === 252 ===
    chunk.text (13 tokens):
    "[145]\nHe confirmed Jannetto's son  Giovanni Battista"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (30 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\n[145]\nHe confirmed Jannetto's son  Giovanni Battista"

    === 253 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'as Postmaster General ( chief et maistre general de noz postes par tous noz royaumes, pays, et seigneuries ) in 1520. By Charles V\'s time, "the Holy Roman'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nas Postmaster General ( chief et maistre general de noz postes par tous noz royaumes, pays, et seigneuries ) in 1520. By Charles V\'s time, "the Holy Roman'

    === 254 ===
    chunk.text (18 tokens):
    'Empire had become the centre of the European communication(s) universe." [141]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (35 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nEmpire had become the centre of the European communication(s) universe." [141]'

    === 255 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Charles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nCharles V also inherited efficient multinational diplomatic networks from both the Trastámara and Habsburg-Burgundian dynasties. Following the example of the papal curia, in the late fifteenth century, both dynasties also began to employ permanent'

    === 256 ===
    chunk.text (45 tokens):
    'envoys (earlier than other secular powers). The Habsburg network developed in parallel to their postal system. [146] [147] [148]\nCharles V combined the Spanish and the Imperial systems into one. [147]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nenvoys (earlier than other secular powers). The Habsburg network developed in parallel to their postal system. [146] [147] [148]\nCharles V combined the Spanish and the Imperial systems into one. [147]'

    === 257 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'His opponents, chiefly France, found a counterweight though, by the alliance with the Ottoman Empire, which Francis I admitted to be the only force that could prevent the Habsburgs from transforming European states into a Europe-wide empire.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nHis opponents, chiefly France, found a counterweight though, by the alliance with the Ottoman Empire, which Francis I admitted to be the only force that could prevent the Habsburgs from transforming European states into a Europe-wide empire.'

    === 258 ===
    chunk.text (3 tokens):
    '[149]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (20 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\n[149]'

    === 259 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    "Moreover, Charles V's military might frightened other European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. After the Battle of Pavia, the"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nMoreover, Charles V's military might frightened other European rulers, thus while he was able to make the pope a reluctant agent like his grandfather Ferdinand had done, no lasting alliance could be achieved. After the Battle of Pavia, the"

    === 260 ===
    chunk.text (16 tokens):
    'European rulers united to prevent harsh terms from being placed upon France. [150]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (33 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nEuropean rulers united to prevent harsh terms from being placed upon France. [150]'

    === 261 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'In the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nIn the 1530s, in the context of the conflict between the Habsburg empire and their greatest opponent, the Ottomans, an espionage network was built by Charles and Don Alfonso Granai Castriota, the marquis of Atripalda,'

    === 262 ===
    chunk.text (30 tokens):
    'who conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system. Gennaro Varriale writes that, "on the eve of the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nwho conducted its operations. Naples became the main rearguard of the system. Gennaro Varriale writes that, "on the eve of the'

    === 263 ===
    chunk.text (32 tokens):
    'Tunis campaign , Emperor Charles V possessed a network of spies based in the  Kingdom of Naples  that watched over all the corners of the Ottoman Empire." [151]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nCommunication, diplomatic, and espionage systems\nTunis campaign , Emperor Charles V possessed a network of spies based in the  Kingdom of Naples  that watched over all the corners of the Ottoman Empire." [151]'

    === 264 ===
    chunk.text (3 tokens):
    '[ edit ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (19 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n[ edit ]'

    === 265 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'Several notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet  Garcilaso de la Vega , a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed  contino  (imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nSeveral notable men were recognized with patronage by Charles. Noted Spanish poet  Garcilaso de la Vega , a nobleman and ambassador in the Imperial court of Charles, was first appointed  contino  (imperial guard) of the Emperor in 1520.'

    === 266 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    "Alfonso de Valdés , twin brother of the humanist  Juan de Valdés  and  secretary of the Emperor , was a Spanish humanist.  Peter Martyr d'Anghiera , an Italian  historian"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nAlfonso de Valdés , twin brother of the humanist  Juan de Valdés  and  secretary of the Emperor , was a Spanish humanist.  Peter Martyr d'Anghiera , an Italian  historian"

    === 267 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'at the service of Spain, wrote the first accounts of explorations in  Central  and  South America  in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original  Latin'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nat the service of Spain, wrote the first accounts of explorations in  Central  and  South America  in a series of letters and reports, grouped in the original  Latin'

    === 268 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'publications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades". His  Decades  are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His  De Orbe Novo'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\npublications of 1511 to 1530 into sets of ten chapters called "decades". His  Decades  are of great value in the history of geography and discovery. His  De Orbe Novo'

    === 269 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    '(On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and  Native Americans , Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first  European  reference to'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n(On the New World, 1530) describes the first contacts of Europeans and  Native Americans , Native American civilizations in the Caribbean and North America, as well as Mesoamerica, and includes, for example, the first  European  reference to'

    === 270 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    'India rubber .\nMartyr was given the post of chronicler ( cronista ) in the newly formed  Council of the Indies  (1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nIndia rubber .\nMartyr was given the post of chronicler ( cronista ) in the newly formed  Council of the Indies  (1524), commissioned by Charles V to describe what was occurring in the explorations of the'

    === 271 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'New World . In 1523 Charles gave him the title of  Count Palatine , and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was  invested  by  Pope Clement VII , as proposed by Charles V, as  Abbot  of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nNew World . In 1523 Charles gave him the title of  Count Palatine , and in 1524 called him once more into the Council of the Indies. Martyr was  invested  by  Pope Clement VII , as proposed by Charles V, as  Abbot  of'

    === 272 ===
    chunk.text (33 tokens):
    'Jamaica .  Juan Boscán Almogáver  was a poet who participated with  Garcilaso de la Vega  in giving naval assistance to the  Isle of Rhodes  during a'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nJamaica .  Juan Boscán Almogáver  was a poet who participated with  Garcilaso de la Vega  in giving naval assistance to the  Isle of Rhodes  during a'

    === 273 ===
    chunk.text (45 tokens):
    'Turkish invasion . Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and Charles in Vienna. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style. [152]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nTurkish invasion . Boscà fought against the Turks again in 1532 with Álvarez de Toledo and Charles in Vienna. During this period, Boscán had made serious progress in his mastery of verse in the Italian style. [152]'

    === 274 ===
    chunk.text (18 tokens):
    'Charles commissioned several portraits from the painter  Titian , including the  Portrait of Charles V  and the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (34 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nCharles commissioned several portraits from the painter  Titian , including the  Portrait of Charles V  and the'

    === 275 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    'Equestrian Portrait of Charles V , becoming a friend of the artist. These portraits helped to spread the image of Charles as a powerful ruler and protector of Christendom, promoting his image as an enlightened  Renaissance  ruler.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nEquestrian Portrait of Charles V , becoming a friend of the artist. These portraits helped to spread the image of Charles as a powerful ruler and protector of Christendom, promoting his image as an enlightened  Renaissance  ruler.'

    === 276 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'The building of the  Palace of Charles V  was commissioned by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the  Alhambra  palaces. Although the  Catholic Monarchs'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe building of the  Palace of Charles V  was commissioned by Charles, who wished to establish his residence close to the  Alhambra  palaces. Although the  Catholic Monarchs'

    === 277 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    'had already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nhad already altered some rooms of the Alhambra after the conquest of the city in 1492, Charles V intended to construct a permanent residence befitting an emperor. The project was given to'

    === 278 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Pedro Machuca , an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the  Plateresque  style, with traces of  Gothic architecture  still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nPedro Machuca , an architect whose life and development are poorly documented. At the time, Spanish architecture was immersed in the  Plateresque  style, with traces of  Gothic architecture  still visible. Machuca built a palace corresponding stylistically to'

    === 279 ===
    chunk.text (32 tokens):
    'Mannerism , a mode then in its infancy in  Italy . The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of  rustication  on the lower level and  ashlar'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nMannerism , a mode then in its infancy in  Italy . The exterior of the building uses a typically Renaissance combination of  rustication  on the lower level and  ashlar'

    === 280 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'on the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957. [153] [154]\nFrontispiece of the 1542  New Laws  issued by Charles V, Emperor and King of Spain'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\non the upper. The building has never been a home to a monarch and stood roofless until 1957. [153] [154]\nFrontispiece of the 1542  New Laws  issued by Charles V, Emperor and King of Spain'

    === 281 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    "From his maternal grandmother,  Isabella I of Castile , who had funded  Christopher Columbus 's first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas.  Spanish colonization of the Americas"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nFrom his maternal grandmother,  Isabella I of Castile , who had funded  Christopher Columbus 's first voyage in 1492, Charles inherited Castile's overseas territories in the Americas.  Spanish colonization of the Americas"

    === 282 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    "began in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and  Spanish Main  were marginal to Charles's European empire and not the focus of his attention. [155]  Through the  Treaty of Tordesillas"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nbegan in 1493, but these permanent settlements in the Caribbean and  Spanish Main  were marginal to Charles's European empire and not the focus of his attention. [155]  Through the  Treaty of Tordesillas"

    === 283 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    '(1494), Spain and  Portugal  had agreed on a division of overseas territories, so that with the exception of  Brazil , which Portugal could claim, Charles could claim the rest of the  New World .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n(1494), Spain and  Portugal  had agreed on a division of overseas territories, so that with the exception of  Brazil , which Portugal could claim, Charles could claim the rest of the  New World .'

    === 284 ===
    chunk.text (25 tokens):
    'The realm of his known possessions expanded with the  Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire  (1519–21) under  conquistador'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (41 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe realm of his known possessions expanded with the  Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire  (1519–21) under  conquistador'

    === 285 ===
    chunk.text (35 tokens):
    "Hernán Cortés  and by  Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe  in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (51 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nHernán Cortés  and by  Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe  in 1522. These successes convinced Charles of his divine mission to become the leader of"

    === 286 ===
    chunk.text (16 tokens):
    'Christendom , which still perceived a significant threat from Islam. [156]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (32 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nChristendom , which still perceived a significant threat from Islam. [156]'

    === 287 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'The conquest of central Mexico, bringing a high indigenous civilization under Spanish rule, compelled Charles to grapple with creating structures of institutional rule in the Americas. Charles had begun creating councils to oversee aspects of his realms, first reorganizing the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe conquest of central Mexico, bringing a high indigenous civilization under Spanish rule, compelled Charles to grapple with creating structures of institutional rule in the Americas. Charles had begun creating councils to oversee aspects of his realms, first reorganizing the'

    === 288 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    "existing\nCouncil of Castile , established by the Catholic Monarchs. Indicating the Americas' importance, he founded the  Council of the Indies  in 1524 to deal with the complexities of Castile's overseas possessions."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nexisting\nCouncil of Castile , established by the Catholic Monarchs. Indicating the Americas' importance, he founded the  Council of the Indies  in 1524 to deal with the complexities of Castile's overseas possessions."

    === 289 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'Unlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court  audiencia'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nUnlike his European possessions that were not consolidated geographically but were nonetheless all relatively near each other, ruling the Americas had to take into account the Atlantic Ocean. Prior to the creation of the viceroyalties, he established a high court  audiencia'

    === 290 ===
    chunk.text (32 tokens):
    'to administer justice. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending  Franciscan ,  Dominican , and  Augustinian'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nto administer justice. He formalized conversion of indigenous populations to Christianity, the so-called "spiritual conquest", by sending  Franciscan ,  Dominican , and  Augustinian'

    === 291 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'friars starting in the mid-1520s. With the discovery of large deposits of silver in  northern Mexico  in the 1540s and in 1545 in Peru at'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nfriars starting in the mid-1520s. With the discovery of large deposits of silver in  northern Mexico  in the 1540s and in 1545 in Peru at'

    === 292 ===
    chunk.text (24 tokens):
    "Potosí , Charles's advisors urged regulation of mining to ensure that bullion was directed to crown coffers."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nPotosí , Charles's advisors urged regulation of mining to ensure that bullion was directed to crown coffers."

    === 293 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    "Ad hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  in  Mexico City  (1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nAd hoc administrative solutions of the early conquest period gave way to Charles's establishment of the  Viceroyalty of New Spain  in  Mexico City  (1535), the Spanish capital founded on the ruins of the Aztec capital of"

    === 294 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    'Tenochtitlan . After the  Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire  in the 1530s, Charles established the  Viceroyalty of Peru  in the newly founded Spanish capital of  Lima'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (50 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nTenochtitlan . After the  Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire  in the 1530s, Charles established the  Viceroyalty of Peru  in the newly founded Spanish capital of  Lima'

    === 295 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    '(1544). As it became clear that establishing royal control was important, Charles sought to undermine growing power of the group of conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, awarded'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n(1544). As it became clear that establishing royal control was important, Charles sought to undermine growing power of the group of conquistadors in Mexico and Peru, awarded'

    === 296 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    "personal grants of indigenous labor in perpetuity , by issuing the  New Laws  of 1542, ending grant holders' rights in perpetuity. Dominican friar"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\npersonal grants of indigenous labor in perpetuity , by issuing the  New Laws  of 1542, ending grant holders' rights in perpetuity. Dominican friar"

    === 297 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    "Bartolomé de las Casas 's long term campaign to protect indigenous populations from Spanish conquerors' exploitation influenced Charles's new policy. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nBartolomé de las Casas 's long term campaign to protect indigenous populations from Spanish conquerors' exploitation influenced Charles's new policy. In Peru, it resulted in a major Spanish rebellion against the crown when the newly appointed viceroy,"

    === 298 ===
    chunk.text (21 tokens):
    'Blasco Núñez Vela , attempted to implement the measure. In Mexico, Viceroy don  Antonio de Mendoza'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (37 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nBlasco Núñez Vela , attempted to implement the measure. In Mexico, Viceroy don  Antonio de Mendoza'

    === 299 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'prudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." [157]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nprudently did not. In Peru, the new viceroy was murdered. "To many Spanish settlers the New Laws seemed like a declaration of war, and their hostile reaction was swift and overwhelming." [157]'

    === 300 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    'The violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by  Pedro de la Gasca , to whom Charles granted sweeping powers in order to re-establish royal authority. The  rebellion in Peru  coincided with'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (54 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe violent uprising necessitated a major military response, organized by  Pedro de la Gasca , to whom Charles granted sweeping powers in order to re-establish royal authority. The  rebellion in Peru  coincided with'

    === 301 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'one in Germany . In the Americas, Charles was forced to temper the initial order ending inheritance, allowing grants to be passed on to one further generation, but he refused to yield on the question of allowing enslavement of the indigenous.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\none in Germany . In the Americas, Charles was forced to temper the initial order ending inheritance, allowing grants to be passed on to one further generation, but he refused to yield on the question of allowing enslavement of the indigenous.'

    === 302 ===
    chunk.text (8 tokens):
    'Regarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (24 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nRegarding the Spanish rebels supporting the cause of'

    === 303 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    "Gonzalo Pizarro , who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nGonzalo Pizarro , who might have set up a kingdom of Peru with himself as ruler, Charles fully supported Pizarro's beheading and his supporters' execution and confiscation of property. This was similar"

    === 304 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    "to the treatment of\ncomunero  rebels early in his Iberian rule. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown. [158] [159] [160]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (54 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nto the treatment of\ncomunero  rebels early in his Iberian rule. Pizarro's execution marks the end of Spanish rebellion against the crown. [158] [159] [160]"

    === 305 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'Relatively early in his rule, Charles assigned a concession (1528) in  Venezuela Province  to  Bartholomeus V. Welser , in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as  Klein-Venedig'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nRelatively early in his rule, Charles assigned a concession (1528) in  Venezuela Province  to  Bartholomeus V. Welser , in compensation for his inability to repay debts owed. The concession, known as  Klein-Venedig'

    === 306 ===
    chunk.text (21 tokens):
    '( little Venice ), was revoked in 1546 during the rebellion in Peru by Spanish colonists against Charles.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (37 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n( little Venice ), was revoked in 1546 during the rebellion in Peru by Spanish colonists against Charles.'

    === 307 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    "The question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of  African slaves"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThe question of labor and treatment of indigenous populations had occupied Charles's maternal grandparents, and as indigenous populations in the Caribbean were decimated by disease and overwork, transshipment of  African slaves"

    === 308 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'to replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nto replace the labor force began. On 28 August 1518, Charles issued a charter authorizing the transportation of slaves directly from Africa to the Americas. Up until that point (since at least 1510), African slaves had usually been transported'

    === 309 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    "to Castile or Portugal and had then been transshipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade. [161]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nto Castile or Portugal and had then been transshipped to the Caribbean. Charles's decision to create a direct, more economically viable Africa to America slave trade fundamentally changed the nature and scale of the transatlantic slave trade. [161]"

    === 310 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    "Protection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the 1542 New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nProtection of indigenous populations against Spaniards' exploitation was the key motivation behind Charles's issuance of the 1542 New Laws. With Gasca's suppression of Spanish colonists' rebellion in Peru, Charles was still concerned about the welfare of his"

    === 311 ===
    chunk.text (20 tokens):
    'indigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549, [162] [163] [164]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (36 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nindigenous subjects. So, on 3 July 1549, [162] [163] [164]'

    === 312 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'Charles ordered the Council of the Indies to stop all the conquests until it was certain that Spain was acting in accordance with the  moral law , so penetration into the American continent was suspended until 1556. [165]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nCharles ordered the Council of the Indies to stop all the conquests until it was certain that Spain was acting in accordance with the  moral law , so penetration into the American continent was suspended until 1556. [165]'

    === 313 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'This was because philosophical questions arose, especially from  Catholic\njurists  and  scholastic   philosophers , about whether the Hispanic Monarchy had the moral right to  legally  conquer the  Indies .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nThis was because philosophical questions arose, especially from  Catholic\njurists  and  scholastic   philosophers , about whether the Hispanic Monarchy had the moral right to  legally  conquer the  Indies .'

    === 314 ===
    chunk.text (27 tokens):
    'Since the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the  Crown of Castile'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nSince the year 1542, a moral crisis was developing in the government because of the Spanish colonization in America, while the  Crown of Castile'

    === 315 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'was overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the  New Kingdom of Granada , which could cause anguish in people of all  Estates , even if they were  prelates'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nwas overwhelmed by the constant denunciations of abuses it was receiving, especially from the conquests in Peru and those that occurred in the  New Kingdom of Granada , which could cause anguish in people of all  Estates , even if they were  prelates'

    === 316 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    'or  knights  of the  Spanish nobility . [166]  Thus, Charles, influenced by the reflections of  Francisco de Vitoria  and the  School of Salamanca , together with the pressure of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (50 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nor  knights  of the  Spanish nobility . [166]  Thus, Charles, influenced by the reflections of  Francisco de Vitoria  and the  School of Salamanca , together with the pressure of'

    === 317 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'missionaries , wanted to be sure that their power was beyond reproach. Therefore, it was ordered to stop all military companies in the overseas domains until a board of wise men ruled on the fairest way to carry them out, seriously considering'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nmissionaries , wanted to be sure that their power was beyond reproach. Therefore, it was ordered to stop all military companies in the overseas domains until a board of wise men ruled on the fairest way to carry them out, seriously considering'

    === 318 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'the total or partial abandonment of the New World until the imperial doubt was resolved, regarding how to avoid in the future the possibility of abusive discoveries, overwhelming conquests and predatory colonizations that were based on the oppressive exploitation of indigenous labor.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nthe total or partial abandonment of the New World until the imperial doubt was resolved, regarding how to avoid in the future the possibility of abusive discoveries, overwhelming conquests and predatory colonizations that were based on the oppressive exploitation of indigenous labor.'

    === 319 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'In 1550, Charles convened a  conference at Valladolid  in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the  New World , which included figures such as  Bartolomé de las Casas , [167]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nIn 1550, Charles convened a  conference at Valladolid  in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of the  New World , which included figures such as  Bartolomé de las Casas , [167]'

    === 320 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'from which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise according to the  Thomistic\nnatural law , making the Hispanic Monarchy a pioneer, both in theory and in practice, on how to approach respect for the conquered. [162]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nfrom which conceptions of the human rights of the Indians would arise according to the  Thomistic\nnatural law , making the Hispanic Monarchy a pioneer, both in theory and in practice, on how to approach respect for the conquered. [162]'

    === 321 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Theologians  and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as  Domingo de Soto ,  Bartolomé Carranza ,  Melchor Cano , and also'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nTheologians  and jurists from all parts of the empire began to arrive in the capital, presenting themselves with the best souls of Spain, such as  Domingo de Soto ,  Bartolomé Carranza ,  Melchor Cano , and also'

    === 322 ===
    chunk.text (13 tokens):
    "Pedro de la Gasca  (Peru's first peacemaker after"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (29 tokens):
    "Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nPedro de la Gasca  (Peru's first peacemaker after"

    === 323 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    'Civil Wars between the conquerors of Peru ) together with the jurisconsults of the Council of the Indies. Bartolomé de las Casas would defend that the wars of conquest were unjust, while'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nCivil Wars between the conquerors of Peru ) together with the jurisconsults of the Council of the Indies. Bartolomé de las Casas would defend that the wars of conquest were unjust, while'

    === 324 ===
    chunk.text (7 tokens):
    'Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (23 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nJuan Ginés de Sepúlveda'

    === 325 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'would defend the opposite. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. It was'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nwould defend the opposite. The court, after long debates, voted and tied, so there was no official sentence, but there were several binding reports in which the purpose was to ensure that the treatment given to the natives was correct. It was'

    === 326 ===
    chunk.text (30 tokens):
    'the first time that kings and philosophers conceded that men have fundamental rights for the mere fact of being men ( Ius gentium ), rights of the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nthe first time that kings and philosophers conceded that men have fundamental rights for the mere fact of being men ( Ius gentium ), rights of the'

    === 327 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'eternal Law  that are prior to any  positive law  written in the treaties. Never before had a European people wondered in such depth where their own rights of the victor ended, and where the rights of the defeated begin.[ citation needed ]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\neternal Law  that are prior to any  positive law  written in the treaties. Never before had a European people wondered in such depth where their own rights of the victor ended, and where the rights of the defeated begin.[ citation needed ]'

    === 328 ===
    chunk.text (19 tokens):
    'Finally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (35 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nFinally, Spain did not abandon the Indies, largely based on the sayings of Vitoria:'

    === 329 ===
    chunk.text (30 tokens):
    '"After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces." [165]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n"After many barbarians have converted there, it would not be convenient or lawful for the prince to abandon the administration of those provinces." [165]'

    === 330 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'Therefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed, but it was recognized that the Indians were people with their own rights as de las Casas paid for and enshrined in the New Laws, together with the  papal bull'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nTherefore, Spanish rule was maintained as Sepúlveda claimed, but it was recognized that the Indians were people with their own rights as de las Casas paid for and enshrined in the New Laws, together with the  papal bull'

    === 331 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'Sublimis Deus . Given this, there was no longer talks about conquest, but about pacification, so urbanization was resumed, with specific instructions to avoid harm to the Indians. The regulations on how to act in the future,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nSublimis Deus . Given this, there was no longer talks about conquest, but about pacification, so urbanization was resumed, with specific instructions to avoid harm to the Indians. The regulations on how to act in the future,'

    === 332 ===
    chunk.text (15 tokens):
    'in terms of discoveries and colonizations, were the following: [166]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (31 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nin terms of discoveries and colonizations, were the following: [166]'

    === 333 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    '-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\n-In the discoveries: They would be made with a license from the Audiencia and carrying at least one religious designated by it. On these trips it was forbidden to steal the goods from the natives and take them by force, except for some'

    === 334 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'of them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor would undertake new voyages of discovery on their own. Neither by sea nor by land. -In the colonizations: parcels would be prohibited from the first life; Indian slaves'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nof them who wanted to go as interpreters. No Viceroy or Governor would undertake new voyages of discovery on their own. Neither by sea nor by land. -In the colonizations: parcels would be prohibited from the first life; Indian slaves'

    === 335 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'would be freed (it was forbidden to make them slaves in the future); a revision of the repartimientos de indios (to the Audiencias) would be ordered so that those that some Spaniards had in excess would'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nwould be freed (it was forbidden to make them slaves in the future); a revision of the repartimientos de indios (to the Audiencias) would be ordered so that those that some Spaniards had in excess would'

    === 336 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'pass to the Crown; All the Indians that private individuals had without legitimate title would be transferred to the Crown; it would be forbidden to charge the natives (except where it was inexcusable); moderate rates would be imposed on taxes'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\npass to the Crown; All the Indians that private individuals had without legitimate title would be transferred to the Crown; it would be forbidden to charge the natives (except where it was inexcusable); moderate rates would be imposed on taxes'

    === 337 ===
    chunk.text (28 tokens):
    'and services; Rates and tributes would be completely abolished in those places where the Indians had been subjected to fierce exploitation (The\nAntilles ).'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    'Abdications and death\nRetirement, death and burial\nPatronage of the arts and architecture\nand services; Rates and tributes would be completely abolished in those places where the Indians had been subjected to fierce exploitation (The\nAntilles ).'

    === 338 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[ edit ]\nHis father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists  Bernard van Orley  and  Albrecht Dürer  and master tapestry-maker"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\n[ edit ]\nHis father's sister Margaret was the mother figure in his life. She was a huge influence on Charles. A canny, learned, and artistic woman, with a court that included artists  Bernard van Orley  and  Albrecht Dürer  and master tapestry-maker"

    === 339 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    'Pieter van Aelst , she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon." [174]  She saw to his education, securing as tutor  Adrian of Utrecht , a member of the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nPieter van Aelst , she taught her nephew "above all that a court could be a salon." [174]  She saw to his education, securing as tutor  Adrian of Utrecht , a member of the'

    === 340 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "Brethren of the Common Life , which advocated simplicity and promoted a cult of indigence and deprivation. The Brethren had many important members, including  Thomas à Kempis . Adrian later became Pope Adrian VI. [175]  A third major influence in Charles's early life was"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nBrethren of the Common Life , which advocated simplicity and promoted a cult of indigence and deprivation. The Brethren had many important members, including  Thomas à Kempis . Adrian later became Pope Adrian VI. [175]  A third major influence in Charles's early life was"

    === 341 ===
    chunk.text (60 tokens):
    'William de Croÿ , Sieur de Chièves, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. He was a tough taskmaster, and when questioned about it he said "Cousin, I am the defender and guardian of his youth. I do not want'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nWilliam de Croÿ , Sieur de Chièves, who became his "governor and grand chamberlain", giving Charles a chivalrous education. He was a tough taskmaster, and when questioned about it he said "Cousin, I am the defender and guardian of his youth. I do not want'

    === 342 ===
    chunk.text (20 tokens):
    'him to be incapable because he has not understood affairs nor been trained to work." [176]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (24 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nhim to be incapable because he has not understood affairs nor been trained to work." [176]'

    === 343 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Charles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking  French , which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learned some'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nCharles spoke several languages from political necessity, though he does not seem to have been a very natural linguist. He was raised speaking  French , which remained his most natural language, and is used in most surviving letters handwritten by him. He learned some'

    === 344 ===
    chunk.text (60 tokens):
    'Dutch , being given lessons from the age of thirteen. He later added an acceptable  Castilian Spanish , which he was required to learn by the Castilian  Cortes Generales . He could also speak some  Basque , acquired by the influence of the  Basque  secretaries serving in the royal court. [177]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nDutch , being given lessons from the age of thirteen. He later added an acceptable  Castilian Spanish , which he was required to learn by the Castilian  Cortes Generales . He could also speak some  Basque , acquired by the influence of the  Basque  secretaries serving in the royal court. [177]'

    === 345 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    'He gained a decent command of  German  following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French. [178]  By 1532, Charles was proficient in  Portuguese , and spoke Latin. [179]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nHe gained a decent command of  German  following the Imperial election, though he never spoke it as well as French. [178]  By 1532, Charles was proficient in  Portuguese , and spoke Latin. [179]'

    === 346 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'A witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." [180]  A variant of the quote is attributed to him by  Jonathan Swift  in his 1726'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nA witticism sometimes attributed to Charles is: "I speak Spanish/Latin (depending on the source) to God, Italian to women, French to men and German to my horse." [180]  A variant of the quote is attributed to him by  Jonathan Swift  in his 1726'

    === 347 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    "Gulliver's Travels , but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to  Frederick the Great . [181]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nGulliver's Travels , but there are no contemporary accounts referencing the quotation (which has many other variants) and it is often attributed instead to  Frederick the Great . [181]"

    === 348 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nCharles suffered from an enlarged  lower jaw  ( mandibular prognathism ), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (46 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n[ edit ]\nCharles suffered from an enlarged  lower jaw  ( mandibular prognathism ), a congenital deformity that became considerably worse in later Habsburg generations, giving rise to the term'

    === 349 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    "Habsburg jaw . This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory. [182]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nHabsburg jaw . This deformity may have been caused by the family's long history of repeated intermarriages between close family members, as commonly practiced in royal families of that era to maintain dynastic control of territory. [182]"

    === 350 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    'Some advisors considered him physically weak and used that as a reason for him to delay his marriage to Mary Tudor. A diplomat in Charles\'s court described him as "not much of a womaniser" and did not have out of wedlock children during his marriage. [183]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nSome advisors considered him physically weak and used that as a reason for him to delay his marriage to Mary Tudor. A diplomat in Charles\'s court described him as "not much of a womaniser" and did not have out of wedlock children during his marriage. [183]'

    === 351 ===
    chunk.text (42 tokens):
    'He suffered from fainting spells, which might have been  epilepsy . [184]  He was seriously afflicted with  gout , presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat. [185]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nHe suffered from fainting spells, which might have been  epilepsy . [184]  He was seriously afflicted with  gout , presumably caused by a diet consisting mainly of red meat. [185]'

    === 352 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'As he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the  Monastery of Yuste  in a  sedan chair . A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.[ citation needed ]\nThe children of Philip and Joanna'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nAs he aged, his gout progressed from painful to crippling. In his retirement, he was carried around the  Monastery of Yuste  in a  sedan chair . A ramp was specially constructed to allow him easy access to his rooms.[ citation needed ]\nThe children of Philip and Joanna'

    === 353 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    ', Birth = . , Death = . , Notes = \nEleanor Manuel I of Portugal  and had children; second marriage in 1530,  Francis I of France Isabella Christian II of Denmark Ferdinand Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Mary Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia Catherine John III of Portugal'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n, Birth = . , Death = . , Notes = \nEleanor Manuel I of Portugal  and had children; second marriage in 1530,  Francis I of France Isabella Christian II of Denmark Ferdinand Anna of Bohemia and Hungary Mary Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia Catherine John III of Portugal'

    === 354 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    "Isabella of Portugal  depicting Charles' wife, a 1548 portrait by  Titian\nThe bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in  El Escorial\nDon  John of Austria , the natural son of Charles during his widowhood"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nIsabella of Portugal  depicting Charles' wife, a 1548 portrait by  Titian\nThe bronze effigies of Charles and Isabella at the Basilica in  El Escorial\nDon  John of Austria , the natural son of Charles during his widowhood"

    === 355 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'On 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old  Mary , the daughter of King  Henry VII of England  and younger sister to the future King  Henry VIII'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nOn 21 December 1507, Charles was betrothed to 11-year-old  Mary , the daughter of King  Henry VII of England  and younger sister to the future King  Henry VIII'

    === 356 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'of England, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Cardinal  Thomas Wolsey , and Mary was instead married to King  Louis XII  of France in 1514.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nof England, who was to take the throne in two years. However, the engagement was called off in 1513, on the advice of Cardinal  Thomas Wolsey , and Mary was instead married to King  Louis XII  of France in 1514.'

    === 357 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "After his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin  Isabella of Portugal , the daughter of King  Manuel I of Portugal"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nAfter his ascension to the Spanish thrones of Castile and Aragon, negotiations for Charles's marriage began shortly after his arrival in Castile, with the Castilian nobles expressing their wishes for him to marry his first cousin  Isabella of Portugal , the daughter of King  Manuel I of Portugal"

    === 358 ===
    chunk.text (5 tokens):
    "and Charles's aunt"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (12 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nand Charles's aunt"

    === 359 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    "Maria of Aragon . The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nMaria of Aragon . The nobles desired Charles's marriage to a princess of Castilian blood, and a marriage to Isabella would have secured an alliance between Castile and Portugal. However, the 18-year-old King was in no hurry to marry and ignored the nobles' advice,"

    === 360 ===
    chunk.text (33 tokens):
    "exploring other marriage options. [186]\nInstead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister  Eleanor  to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nexploring other marriage options. [186]\nInstead of marrying Isabella, he sent his sister  Eleanor  to marry Isabella's widowed father, King Manuel, in 1518."

    === 361 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    'In 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially  William de Croÿ , Charles became engaged to his other first cousin,  Mary , daughter of his aunt,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nIn 1521, on the advice of his Flemish counsellors, especially  William de Croÿ , Charles became engaged to his other first cousin,  Mary , daughter of his aunt,'

    === 362 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    "Catherine of Aragon , and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only six years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nCatherine of Aragon , and King Henry VIII, in order to secure an alliance with England. However, this engagement was very problematic because Mary was only six years old at the time, sixteen years Charles's junior, which meant that he would have to wait for her to be old enough"

    === 363 ===
    chunk.text (3 tokens):
    'to marry.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (10 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nto marry.'

    === 364 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "By 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nBy 1525, Charles could not wait any longer to marry and have legitimate children as heirs. He had abandoned the idea of an English alliance, cancelled his engagement to Mary and decided to marry Isabella and form an alliance with Portugal. He wrote to Isabella's brother, King"

    === 365 ===
    chunk.text (25 tokens):
    "John III of Portugal , making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (32 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nJohn III of Portugal , making a double marriage contract – Charles would marry Isabella and John would marry Charles's youngest sister,"

    === 366 ===
    chunk.text (45 tokens):
    'Catherine . A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000  doblas de oro castellanas'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nCatherine . A marriage to Isabella was more beneficial for Charles, as she was closer to him in age, was fluent in Spanish and provided him with a very handsome dowry of 900,000  doblas de oro castellanas'

    === 367 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'would help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage brought him the additional titles as "monarch of the Canaries [Canary Islands] and of the [Portuguese] Indies, the isles of mainland, and the Ocean Sea." Marrying Isabella would allow Charles to'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nwould help to solve the financial problems brought on by the Italian Wars. The marriage brought him the additional titles as "monarch of the Canaries [Canary Islands] and of the [Portuguese] Indies, the isles of mainland, and the Ocean Sea." Marrying Isabella would allow Charles to'

    === 368 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'have her serve as regent in Spain whenever he left. [187]\nUltimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the  House of Aviz  died out in 1580, resulting in the  Iberian Union .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nhave her serve as regent in Spain whenever he left. [187]\nUltimately this union would result in their son Philip having the strongest claim to the Portuguese throne when the  House of Aviz  died out in 1580, resulting in the  Iberian Union .'

    === 369 ===
    chunk.text (12 tokens):
    'On 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (19 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nOn 10 March 1526, Charles and Isabella met at the'

    === 370 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'Alcázar of Seville . The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nAlcázar of Seville . The marriage was originally a political arrangement, but on their first meeting, the couple fell deeply in love: Isabella captivated the Emperor with her beauty and charm. They were married that very same night in a quiet ceremony in the Hall of Ambassadors, just after'

    === 371 ===
    chunk.text (33 tokens):
    'midnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the\nAlhambra  in  Granada . Charles began the construction of the  Palace of Charles V'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nmidnight. Following their wedding, Charles and Isabella spent a long and happy honeymoon at the\nAlhambra  in  Granada . Charles began the construction of the  Palace of Charles V'

    === 372 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'in 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century. [188]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nin 1527, wishing to establish a permanent residence befitting an emperor and empress in the Alhambra palaces. However, the palace was not completed during their lifetimes and remained roofless until the late 20th century. [188]'

    === 373 ===
    chunk.text (36 tokens):
    "Despite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. [189]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (43 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nDespite the Emperor's long absences due to political affairs abroad, the marriage was a happy one, as both partners were always devoted and faithful to each other. [189]"

    === 374 ===
    chunk.text (41 tokens):
    "The Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nThe Empress acted as regent of Spain during her husband's absences, and she proved herself to be a good politician and ruler, thoroughly impressing the Emperor with many of her political accomplishments and decisions."

    === 375 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    "The marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection,"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nThe marriage lasted for 13 years until Isabella's death in 1539. The Empress contracted a fever during the third month of her seventh pregnancy, which resulted in antenatal complications that caused her to miscarry a stillborn son. Her health further deteriorated due to an infection,"

    === 376 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "and she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude. [190]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nand she died two weeks later on 1 May 1539, aged 35. Charles was left so grief-stricken by his wife's death that for two months he shut himself up in a monastery, where he prayed and mourned for her in solitude. [190]"

    === 377 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    "Charles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter  Titian"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (57 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nCharles never recovered from Isabella's death, dressing in black for the rest of his life to show his eternal mourning, and, unlike most kings of the time, he never remarried. In memory of his wife, the Emperor commissioned the painter  Titian"

    === 378 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    "to paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's  Portrait of Isabella of Portugal  and  La Gloria . [191]  Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the  Monastery of Yuste"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nto paint several posthumous portraits of Isabella; the finished portraits included Titian's  Portrait of Isabella of Portugal  and  La Gloria . [191]  Charles kept these paintings with him whenever he travelled, and they were among those that he brought with him after his retirement to the  Monastery of Yuste"

    === 379 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "in 1557. [192]  In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer  Thomas Crecquillon  to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his  Missa 'Mort m'a privé"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nin 1557. [192]  In 1540, Charles paid tribute to Isabella's memory when he commissioned the Flemish composer  Thomas Crecquillon  to compose new music as a memorial to her. Crecquillon composed his  Missa 'Mort m'a privé"

    === 380 ===
    chunk.text (28 tokens):
    "in memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. [193]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (35 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nin memory of the Empress. It expresses the Emperor's grief and great wish for a heavenly reunion with his beloved wife. [193]"

    === 381 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'During his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,  Germaine de Foix , which may have produced a child, Isabel. [194]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nDuring his lifetime, Charles V had several nonmarital liaisons, including some that produced children. One relationship was with his step-grandmother,  Germaine de Foix , which may have produced a child, Isabel. [194]'

    === 382 ===
    chunk.text (11 tokens):
    'After the death of his wife, Charles "seduced'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (18 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nAfter the death of his wife, Charles "seduced'

    === 383 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'Barbara Blomberg , a teenager exactly the same age as his son Philip." He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nBarbara Blomberg , a teenager exactly the same age as his son Philip." He kept the relationship and the existence of this out-of-wedlock son secret, "no doubt because he felt ashamed of his affair with a teenager when he was forty-six." The'

    === 384 ===
    chunk.text (10 tokens):
    'child named Gerónimo, later became known as'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (17 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nchild named Gerónimo, later became known as'

    === 385 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'John of Austria ; the emperor made provisions for the child in a secret codicil to his will. As with his other out-of-wedlock children, the baby was taken from the mother. He met this son once. The relationship was not revealed to his legitimate children in'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nJohn of Austria ; the emperor made provisions for the child in a secret codicil to his will. As with his other out-of-wedlock children, the baby was taken from the mother. He met this son once. The relationship was not revealed to his legitimate children in'

    === 386 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'his lifetime, but they became aware of the relationship after his death. [195]\nCharles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nhis lifetime, but they became aware of the relationship after his death. [195]\nCharles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed.'

    === 387 ===
    chunk.text (33 tokens):
    ', Portrait = . , Lifespan = . , Notes = \nPhilip II of Spain\nMaria\nMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand\nSon\nJoanna\nJoão Manuel, Prince of Portugal John\nSon'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n, Portrait = . , Lifespan = . , Notes = \nPhilip II of Spain\nMaria\nMaximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand\nSon\nJoanna\nJoão Manuel, Prince of Portugal John\nSon'

    === 388 ===
    chunk.text (52 tokens):
    "Due to Philip II being a grandson of  Manuel I of Portugal  through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death ( Henry, the Cardinal-King , in 1580), thus establishing the"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nDue to Philip II being a grandson of  Manuel I of Portugal  through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death ( Henry, the Cardinal-King , in 1580), thus establishing the"

    === 389 ===
    chunk.text (56 tokens):
    "personal union between Spain and Portugal .\nCharles also had six children out of wedlock:\nInfanta Isabella of Castile (20 August 1518 – 1537), perhaps daughter of Charles's maternal step-grandmother,\n[<RawText children='Margaret of Austria'>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\npersonal union between Spain and Portugal .\nCharles also had six children out of wedlock:\nInfanta Isabella of Castile (20 August 1518 – 1537), perhaps daughter of Charles's maternal step-grandmother,\n[<RawText children='Margaret of Austria'>]"

    === 390 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "Joanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon\n[<RawText children='Tadea of Austria'>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (61 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\nJoanna of Austria (1522–1530), daughter of Catalina de Rebolledo (or de Xériga), lady-in-waiting of Queen Joanna I of Castile and Aragon\n[<RawText children='Tadea of Austria'>]"

    === 391 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "[<RawText children='Cornelis de Hooghe'>]\n[<RawText children='John of Austria'>]\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Margaret of Parma'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n[<RawText children='Cornelis de Hooghe'>]\n[<RawText children='John of Austria'>]\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Margaret of Parma'>]>]"

    === 392 ===
    chunk.text (20 tokens):
    "[<Image children=[<RawText children='John of Austria'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (27 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nAppearance and health\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='John of Austria'>]>]"

    === 393 ===
    chunk.text (22 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nEquestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the  Royal Armoury of Madrid'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (31 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[ edit ]\nEquestrian armour of Emperor Charles V. Piece drawn from the collection of the  Royal Armoury of Madrid'

    === 394 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'Charles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by  Pope Julius II  in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCharles V styled himself as Holy Roman Emperor after his election, according to a Papal dispensation conferred to the Habsburg family by  Pope Julius II  in 1508 and confirmed in 1519 to the prince-electors by the legates of'

    === 395 ===
    chunk.text (35 tokens):
    'Pope Leo X . Although Papal coronation was no longer necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V  was crowned  in the city of Bologna by  Pope Clement VII  in the medieval fashion.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nPope Leo X . Although Papal coronation was no longer necessary to confirm the Imperial title, Charles V  was crowned  in the city of Bologna by  Pope Clement VII  in the medieval fashion.'

    === 396 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Charles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCharles V accumulated a large number of titles due to his vast inheritance of Burgundian, Spanish, and Austrian realms. Following the Pacts of Worms (21 April 1521) and Brussels (7 February 1522), he secretly gave the Austrian lands to his younger'

    === 397 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    'brother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of archduke. [202]\nNevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar. [203] [204]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nbrother Ferdinand and elevated him to the status of archduke. [202]\nNevertheless, according to the agreements, Charles continued to style himself as archduke of Austria and maintained that Ferdinand acted as his vassal and vicar. [203] [204]'

    === 398 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Furthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand\'s letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant". [205]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nFurthermore, the pacts of 1521–1522 imposed restrictions on the governorship and regency of Ferdinand. For example, all of Ferdinand\'s letters to Charles V were signed "your obedient brother and servant". [205]'

    === 399 ===
    chunk.text (25 tokens):
    'Nonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (34 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nNonetheless, the same agreements promised Ferdinand the designation as future emperor and the transfer of hereditary rights over Austria at the imperial succession.'

    === 400 ===
    chunk.text (40 tokens):
    'Following the death of  Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia , at the  Battle of Mohacs  in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of  Hungary  (and  Croatia ) and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nFollowing the death of  Louis II, King of Hungary and Bohemia , at the  Battle of Mohacs  in 1526, Charles V favoured the election of Ferdinand as king of  Hungary  (and  Croatia ) and'

    === 401 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Bohemia . Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nBohemia . Despite this, Charles also styled himself as king of Hungary and Bohemia and retained this titular use in official acts (such as his testament) as in the case of the Austrian lands. As a consequence, cartographers and historians have described those kingdoms both as realms of'

    === 402 ===
    chunk.text (41 tokens):
    'Charles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor". [206]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (50 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCharles V and as possessions of Ferdinand, not without confusion. Others, such as the Venetian envoys, reported that the states of Ferdinand were "all held in common with the Emperor". [206]'

    === 403 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Therefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and  Philip II of Spain , during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. [207]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nTherefore, although he had agreed on the future division of the dynasty between Ferdinand and  Philip II of Spain , during his own reign Charles V conceived the existence of a single "House of Austria" of which he was the sole head. [207]'

    === 404 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    'In the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of king of Hungary, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nIn the abdications of 1554–1556, Charles left his personal possessions to Philip II and the Imperial title to Ferdinand. The titles of king of Hungary, Croatia, etc., were also nominally left to the Spanish line (in particular to'

    === 405 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    "Carlos, Prince of Asturias  and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's  suo jure"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCarlos, Prince of Asturias  and son of Philip II). However, Charles's Imperial abdication marked the beginning of Ferdinand's  suo jure"

    === 406 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'rule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the  Onate treaty'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nrule in Austria and his other lands: despite the claims of Philip and his descendants, Hungary and Bohemia were left under the nominal and substantial rule of Ferdinand and his successors. Formal disputes between the two lines over Hungary and Bohemia were to be solved with the  Onate treaty'

    === 407 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "of 1617.\nAs part of  Andreas Palaiologos ' will, he theoretically inherited the title of  Eastern Roman Emperor  from  Ferdinand II of Aragon  and  Isabella I of Castille , [208] [209] [210]  therefore cementing the  claim of the Holy Roman Empire"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nof 1617.\nAs part of  Andreas Palaiologos ' will, he theoretically inherited the title of  Eastern Roman Emperor  from  Ferdinand II of Aragon  and  Isabella I of Castille , [208] [209] [210]  therefore cementing the  claim of the Holy Roman Empire"

    === 408 ===
    chunk.text (43 tokens):
    'of inheriting the Roman legacy  since the  Fall of Constantinople . However, the Byzantine imperial title was never formally hereditary and rested on possession of that city, which led to imperial status being claimed by the Ottoman sultans.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (52 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nof inheriting the Roman legacy  since the  Fall of Constantinople . However, the Byzantine imperial title was never formally hereditary and rested on possession of that city, which led to imperial status being claimed by the Ottoman sultans.'

    === 409 ===
    chunk.text (29 tokens):
    "Charles's full titulature went as follows:[ citation needed ]\nCharles,  by the grace of God ,  Emperor of the Romans ,  forever"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (38 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCharles's full titulature went as follows:[ citation needed ]\nCharles,  by the grace of God ,  Emperor of the Romans ,  forever"

    === 410 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'August ,  King in (of) Germany ,  King of Italy , King of all Spains, of  Castile ,  Aragon ,  León , of  Hungary , of  Dalmatia , of  Croatia ,  Navarra ,  Grenada ,  Toledo ,  Valencia ,  Galicia ,  Majorca ,  Sevilla ,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nAugust ,  King in (of) Germany ,  King of Italy , King of all Spains, of  Castile ,  Aragon ,  León , of  Hungary , of  Dalmatia , of  Croatia ,  Navarra ,  Grenada ,  Toledo ,  Valencia ,  Galicia ,  Majorca ,  Sevilla ,'

    === 411 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Cordova ,  Murcia ,  Jaén ,  Algarves ,  Algeciras ,  Gibraltar , the  Canary Islands , King of both  Hither  and  Ultra Sicily , of  Sardinia ,  Corsica ,  King of Jerusalem ,  King of the Indies , of the Islands and Mainland of the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCordova ,  Murcia ,  Jaén ,  Algarves ,  Algeciras ,  Gibraltar , the  Canary Islands , King of both  Hither  and  Ultra Sicily , of  Sardinia ,  Corsica ,  King of Jerusalem ,  King of the Indies , of the Islands and Mainland of the'

    === 412 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'Ocean Sea ,  Archduke of Austria ,  Duke of Burgundy ,  Brabant ,  Lorraine ,  Styria ,  Carinthia ,  Carniola ,  Limburg ,  Luxembourg ,  Gelderland ,  Neopatria ,  Württemberg ,  Landgrave  of  Alsace , Prince of  Swabia ,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nOcean Sea ,  Archduke of Austria ,  Duke of Burgundy ,  Brabant ,  Lorraine ,  Styria ,  Carinthia ,  Carniola ,  Limburg ,  Luxembourg ,  Gelderland ,  Neopatria ,  Württemberg ,  Landgrave  of  Alsace , Prince of  Swabia ,'

    === 413 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'Asturia ,  Count of Flanders ,  Habsburg ,  Tyrol ,  Gorizia ,  Barcelona ,  Artois ,  Burgundy Palatine ,  Hainaut ,  Holland ,  Seeland ,  Ferrette ,  Kyburg ,  Namur ,  Roussillon ,  Cerdagne ,  Drenthe ,'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nAsturia ,  Count of Flanders ,  Habsburg ,  Tyrol ,  Gorizia ,  Barcelona ,  Artois ,  Burgundy Palatine ,  Hainaut ,  Holland ,  Seeland ,  Ferrette ,  Kyburg ,  Namur ,  Roussillon ,  Cerdagne ,  Drenthe ,'

    === 414 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Zutphen ,  Margrave  of the Holy Roman Empire,  Burgau ,  Oristano  and  Gociano , Lord of  Frisia , the  Wendish March ,  Pordenone ,  Biscay ,  Molina ,  Salins ,  Tripoli  and  Mechelen .'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nZutphen ,  Margrave  of the Holy Roman Empire,  Burgau ,  Oristano  and  Gociano , Lord of  Frisia , the  Wendish March ,  Pordenone ,  Biscay ,  Molina ,  Salins ,  Tripoli  and  Mechelen .'

    === 415 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    ', From = . , To = . , Regnal name = \nDuke of Burgundy\nDuke of Brabant\nDuke of Limburg\nDuke of Lothier\nDuke of Luxemburg\nMargrave of Namur\nCount Palatine of Burgundy\nCount of Artois\nCount of Charolais\nCount of Flanders'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n, From = . , To = . , Regnal name = \nDuke of Burgundy\nDuke of Brabant\nDuke of Limburg\nDuke of Lothier\nDuke of Luxemburg\nMargrave of Namur\nCount Palatine of Burgundy\nCount of Artois\nCount of Charolais\nCount of Flanders'

    === 416 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    'Count of Hainault\nCount of Holland\nCount of Zeeland\nKing of Castile and León\nKing of Aragon\nKing of Sicily\nCount of Barcelona\nKing of Naples\nArchduke of Austria\nHoly Roman Emperor\nKing of the Romans\nCount of Zutphen\nDuke of Guelders'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCount of Hainault\nCount of Holland\nCount of Zeeland\nKing of Castile and León\nKing of Aragon\nKing of Sicily\nCount of Barcelona\nKing of Naples\nArchduke of Austria\nHoly Roman Emperor\nKing of the Romans\nCount of Zutphen\nDuke of Guelders'

    === 417 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'Below is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of  Castile ,  Leon ,  Aragon ,  Two Sicilies  and  Granada  present in the previous coat, those of  Austria ,  ancient Burgundy , modern Burgundy,  Brabant ,  Flanders  and'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nBelow is the coat of arms of Charles V according to the description: Arms of Charles added to those of  Castile ,  Leon ,  Aragon ,  Two Sicilies  and  Granada  present in the previous coat, those of  Austria ,  ancient Burgundy , modern Burgundy,  Brabant ,  Flanders  and'

    === 418 ===
    chunk.text (28 tokens):
    'Tyrol . Charles I also incorporates the  pillars of Hercules  with the inscription " Plus Ultra ", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (37 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nTyrol . Charles I also incorporates the  pillars of Hercules  with the inscription " Plus Ultra ", representing the overseas Spanish empire and surrounding coat with the'

    === 419 ===
    chunk.text (35 tokens):
    'collar of the Golden Fleece , as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (44 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\ncollar of the Golden Fleece , as sovereign of the Order ringing the shield with the imperial crown and Acola double-headed eagle of the Holy Roman Empire and behind it the'

    === 420 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    'Cross of Burgundy . From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and  Navarre  are incorporated.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    'Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\nCross of Burgundy . From 1520 added to the corresponding quarter to Aragon and Sicily, one in which the arms of Jerusalem, Naples and  Navarre  are incorporated.'

    === 421 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of arms of Charles I as king of Spain before becoming Holy Roman Emperor."

    === 422 ===
    chunk.text (39 tokens):
    "[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor."
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (48 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Coat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nCoat of Arms of Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor."

    === 423 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
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    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[<Image children=[<RawText children=('Arms of Charles, Infante of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG '\n 'at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble Order of the '"

    === 424 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    " 'Garter.')>]>]\nArms of Charles,  Infante  of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble  Order of the Garter ."
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    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n 'Garter.')>]>]\nArms of Charles,  Infante  of Spain, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, KG at the time of his installation as a knight of the Most Noble  Order of the Garter ."

    === 425 ===
    chunk.text (49 tokens):
    "[<Image children=[<RawText children='Variant of the Royal Bend of Castile used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nVariant of the  Royal Bend of Castile  used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor."
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    "Dynasty and private life\nTitles and coat of arms\n[<Image children=[<RawText children='Variant of the Royal Bend of Castile used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.'>]>]\nVariant of the  Royal Bend of Castile  used by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor."

    === 426 ===
    chunk.text (20 tokens):
    '[ edit ]\nEmperor Charles V and Empress Isabella.  Peter Paul Rubens  after  Titian , 17th century'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (29 tokens):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\n[ edit ]\nEmperor Charles V and Empress Isabella.  Peter Paul Rubens  after  Titian , 17th century'

    === 427 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Charles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign. Historically seen as a great ruler by some'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (64 tokens):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nCharles V has traditionally attracted considerable scholarly attention. There are differences among historians regarding his character, his rule and achievements (or failures) in the countries in his personal empire as well as various social movements and wider problems associated with his reign. Historically seen as a great ruler by some'

    === 428 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    'or a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned. [211] [212] [213] [214]'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nor a tragic failure of a politician by others, he is generally seen by modern historians as an overall capable politician, a brave and effective military leader, although his political vision and financial management tend to be questioned. [211] [212] [213] [214]'

    === 429 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'References to Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name. [215]'
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    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nReferences to Charles in popular culture include a large number of legends and folk tales; literary renderings of historical events connected to his life and romantic adventures, his relationship to Flanders, and his abdication; and products marketed in his name. [215]'

    === 430 ===
    chunk.text (20 tokens):
    'Charles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (29 tokens):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nCharles V as a ruler has been commemorated over time in many parts of Europe. An imperial resolution of'

    === 431 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    'Franz Joseph I of Austria , dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the " most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation ", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor'
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    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nFranz Joseph I of Austria , dated 28 February 1863, included Charles V in the list of the " most famous Austrian rulers and generals worthy of everlasting emulation ", and honored him with a life-size statue, made by the Bohemian sculptor'

    === 432 ===
    chunk.text (38 tokens):
    'Emanuel Max , located at the  Museum of Military History, Vienna . [216]  The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in  Francoist Spain , brought together the local  national catholic'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (47 tokens):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nEmanuel Max , located at the  Museum of Military History, Vienna . [216]  The 400th anniversary of his death, celebrated in 1958 in  Francoist Spain , brought together the local  national catholic'

    === 433 ===
    chunk.text (47 tokens):
    "intelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the  Universitas Christiana , also propelling a peculiar brand of  europeanism . [217]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    "Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nintelligentsia and a number of European (Catholic) conservative figures, underpinning an imperial nostalgia for Charles V's Europe and the  Universitas Christiana , also propelling a peculiar brand of  europeanism . [217]"

    === 434 ===
    chunk.text (31 tokens):
    "In 2000, celebrations for the 500th anniversary of Charles's birth took place in Belgium. [218]\nA statue of Charles V in  Granada , Spain"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (40 tokens):
    "Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nIn 2000, celebrations for the 500th anniversary of Charles's birth took place in Belgium. [218]\nA statue of Charles V in  Granada , Spain"

    === 435 ===
    chunk.text (46 tokens):
    'Escutcheon of Charles V , a 1912 watercolour portrait  John Singer Sargent , now housed at the  Metropolitan Museum of Art  in  New York City\nUnusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Historiography, commemoration, and popular culture\nEscutcheon of Charles V , a 1912 watercolour portrait  John Singer Sargent , now housed at the  Metropolitan Museum of Art  in  New York City\nUnusually among major European monarchs, Charles V discouraged monumental depictions of himself during his lifetime.'

    === 436 ===
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    chunk.text (48 tokens):
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    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
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    === 439 ===
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    "[ edit ]\n[<RawText children='v'>]\n[<RawText children='t'>]\n[<RawText children='e'>]\nHouse of Habsburg [n 1]"
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    === 441 ===
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    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 442 ===
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    "Male-line family tree\n[<RawText children='German'>]\n[<RawText children='Spanish'>]\n[<RawText children='French'>]\n[<RawText children='Italian'>]\n[<RawText children='Dutch'>]"

    === 443 ===
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    === 444 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
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    === 450 ===
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    === 451 ===
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    === 452 ===
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    === 453 ===
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    === 459 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
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    === 460 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
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    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 461 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
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    === 462 ===
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    === 463 ===
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    === 464 ===
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    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 467 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 468 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 469 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 470 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 471 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^"

    === 472 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 473 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 474 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 475 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 476 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 477 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 478 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 479 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 480 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 481 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 482 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 483 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 484 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 485 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 486 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^"

    === 487 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 488 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 489 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 490 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 491 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 492 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n^\n^\n^\n^\n^"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (49 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n^\n^\n^\n^\n^"

    === 493 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 494 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 495 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 496 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 497 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 498 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 499 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 500 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n^\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 501 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 502 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 503 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 504 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 505 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 506 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 507 ===
    chunk.text (54 tokens):
    "[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (59 tokens):
    "Male-line family tree\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]\n[<Link children=[<RawText children='^'>]>]"

    === 508 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    'Boone, Rebecca Ard (2021).\nEnepekides, P. K. (1960). "Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7. April 1502" [The Vienna Testament of Andreas Palaiologos from 7 April 1502].'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
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    === 509 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
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    === 512 ===
    chunk.text (44 tokens):
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    "Male-line family tree\n[<RawText children='Reston Jr., James'>]\nRichardson, Glenn.\n[<RawText children='Robertson, William'>]\nRodriguez-Salgado, Mia.\nRosenthal, Earl E.\nSaint-Saëns, Alain, ed."

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    === 522 ===
    chunk.text (58 tokens):
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    === 523 ===
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    === 524 ===
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    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (26 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\nbyPhilip I, 1 = Duke of Brabant, Limburg, Lothier and Luxembourg;'

    === 525 ===
    chunk.text (58 tokens):
    'Margrave of Namur;\nCount of Artois, Flanders, Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland;\nCount Palatine of Burgundy\n1506–1555. Preceded\xa0byPhilip I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Naples'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (63 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\nMargrave of Namur;\nCount of Artois, Flanders, Hainaut, Holland, and Zeeland;\nCount Palatine of Burgundy\n1506–1555. Preceded\xa0byPhilip I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Naples'

    === 526 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    '1516–1554\nwith Joanna III (1516–1554). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily;'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1516–1554\nwith Joanna III (1516–1554). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Aragon, Majorca, Valencia, Sardinia, Sicily;'

    === 527 ===
    chunk.text (55 tokens):
    'Count of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Upper Navarre'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (60 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\nCount of Barcelona, Roussillon, and Cerdagne\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 1 = King of Upper Navarre'

    === 528 ===
    chunk.text (51 tokens):
    '1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byJoanna I & Ferdinand V, 1 = King of Castile and León\n1516–1556'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (56 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1516–1556\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand II, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byJoanna I & Ferdinand V, 1 = King of Castile and León\n1516–1556'

    === 529 ===
    chunk.text (48 tokens):
    'with Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byJoanna I & Ferdinand V, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byWilliam I and V, 1 = Duke of Guelders\nCount of Zutphen'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (53 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\nwith Joanna (1516–1555). Preceded\xa0byJoanna I & Ferdinand V, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byWilliam I and V, 1 = Duke of Guelders\nCount of Zutphen'

    === 530 ===
    chunk.text (50 tokens):
    '1543–1555. Preceded\xa0byWilliam I and V, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = Archduke of Austria\nDuke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola\nCount of Tyrol'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (55 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1543–1555. Preceded\xa0byWilliam I and V, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byPhilip II. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = Archduke of Austria\nDuke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola\nCount of Tyrol'

    === 531 ===
    chunk.text (34 tokens):
    '1519–1521. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = King of Germany'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (39 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1519–1521. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = King of Germany'

    === 532 ===
    chunk.text (37 tokens):
    '1519–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = Holy Roman Emperor\nKing of Italy'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (42 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1519–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 1 = Holy Roman Emperor\nKing of Italy'

    === 533 ===
    chunk.text (45 tokens):
    '1530–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand I, 1 = King of Lower Navarre\nwith Joanna III (1516–1530)'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (50 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1530–1556. Preceded\xa0byMaximilian I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byFerdinand I. Preceded\xa0byFerdinand I, 1 = King of Lower Navarre\nwith Joanna III (1516–1530)'

    === 534 ===
    chunk.text (53 tokens):
    'disputed by Henry II (1521–1530). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byHenry II. Spanish royalty, 1 = Spanish royalty. Spanish royalty, 2 = Spanish royalty. Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 1 = Prince of Asturias'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (58 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\ndisputed by Henry II (1521–1530). Preceded\xa0byFerdinand I, 2 = Succeeded\xa0byHenry II. Spanish royalty, 1 = Spanish royalty. Spanish royalty, 2 = Spanish royalty. Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 1 = Prince of Asturias'

    === 535 ===
    chunk.text (57 tokens):
    '1504–1516. Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 2 = VacantTitle next held byPhilip (II). Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 1 = Prince of Girona\n1516. Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 2 = VacantTitle next held byPhilip (II)'
    chunker.contextualize(chunk) (62 tokens):
    'Male-line family tree\n1504–1516. Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 2 = VacantTitle next held byPhilip (II). Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 1 = Prince of Girona\n1516. Preceded\xa0byJoanna, 2 = VacantTitle next held byPhilip (II)'

Advanced Chunking & Serialization

# Overview

In this notebook we show how to customize the serialization strategies that come into
play during chunking.

# Setup

# We will work with a document that contains some [picture annotations](../pictures_description):


from docling_core.types.doc.document import DoclingDocument

SOURCE = "./input/2408.09869v3_enriched.json"

doc = DoclingDocument.load_from_json(SOURCE)


#Below we define the chunker (for more details check out [Hybrid Chunking](../hybrid_chunking)):

from docling_core.transforms.chunker.hybrid_chunker import HybridChunker
from docling_core.transforms.chunker.tokenizer.base import BaseTokenizer
from docling_core.transforms.chunker.tokenizer.huggingface import HuggingFaceTokenizer
from transformers import AutoTokenizer

EMBED_MODEL_ID = "sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2"

tokenizer: BaseTokenizer = HuggingFaceTokenizer(
    tokenizer=AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(EMBED_MODEL_ID),
)
chunker = HybridChunker(tokenizer=tokenizer)


print(f"{tokenizer.get_max_tokens()=}")


    tokenizer.get_max_tokens()=256


# Defining some helper methods:


from typing import Iterable, Optional

from docling_core.transforms.chunker.base import BaseChunk
from docling_core.transforms.chunker.hierarchical_chunker import DocChunk
from docling_core.types.doc.labels import DocItemLabel
from rich.console import Console
from rich.panel import Panel

console = Console(
    width=200,  # for getting Markdown tables rendered nicely
)


def find_n_th_chunk_with_label(
    iter: Iterable[BaseChunk], n: int, label: DocItemLabel
) -> Optional[DocChunk]:
    num_found = -1
    for i, chunk in enumerate(iter):
        doc_chunk = DocChunk.model_validate(chunk)
        for it in doc_chunk.meta.doc_items:
            if it.label == label:
                num_found += 1
                if num_found == n:
                    return i, chunk
    return None, None


def print_chunk(chunks, chunk_pos):
    chunk = chunks[chunk_pos]
    ctx_text = chunker.contextualize(chunk=chunk)
    num_tokens = tokenizer.count_tokens(text=ctx_text)
    doc_items_refs = [it.self_ref for it in chunk.meta.doc_items]
    title = f"{chunk_pos=} {num_tokens=} {doc_items_refs=}"
    console.print(Panel(ctx_text, title=title))


# Table serialization

# Using the default strategy

#Below we inspect the first chunk containing a table — using the default serialization strategy:



chunker = HybridChunker(tokenizer=tokenizer)

chunk_iter = chunker.chunk(dl_doc=doc)

chunks = list(chunk_iter)
i, chunk = find_n_th_chunk_with_label(chunks, n=0, label=DocItemLabel.TABLE)
print_chunk(
    chunks=chunks,
    chunk_pos=i,
)


    Token indices sequence length is longer than the specified maximum sequence length for this model (2942 > 512). Running this sequence through the model will result in indexing errors



<pre style="white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace">╭──────────────────────────────────────────────── chunk_pos=16 num_tokens=166 doc_items_refs=['#/texts/69', '#/texts/71', '#/texts/72', '#/tables/0'] ─────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ Docling Technical Report                                                                                                                                                                             │
│ 4 Performance                                                                                                                                                                                        │
│ Establishing GPU acceleration support for the AI models is currently work-in-progress and largely untested, but may work implicitly when CUDA is available and discovered by the onnxruntime and     │
│ torch runtimes backing the Docling pipeline. We will deliver updates on this topic at in a future version of this report.                                                                            │
│                                                                                                                                                                                                      │
│ Table 1: Runtime characteristics of Docling with the standard model pipeline and settings, on our test dataset of 225 pages, on two different systems. OCR is disabled. We show the time-to-solution │
│ (TTS), computed throughput in pages per second, and the peak memory used (resident set size) for both the Docling-native PDF backend and for the pypdfium backend, using 4 and 16 threads.           │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
</pre>



<div class="alert alert-info">
    <strong>INFO</strong>: As you see above, using the <code>HybridChunker</code> can sometimes lead to a warning from the transformers library, however this is a "false alarm" — for details check <a href="https://docling-project.github.io/docling/faq/#hybridchunker-triggers-warning-token-indices-sequence-length-is-longer-than-the-specified-maximum-sequence-length-for-this-model">here</a>.
</div>

# Configuring a different strategy

#We can configure a different serialization strategy. In the example below, we specify a different table serializer that serializes tables to Markdown instead of the triplet notation used by default:



from docling_core.transforms.chunker.hierarchical_chunker import (
    ChunkingDocSerializer,
    ChunkingSerializerProvider,
)
from docling_core.transforms.serializer.markdown import MarkdownTableSerializer


class MDTableSerializerProvider(ChunkingSerializerProvider):
    def get_serializer(self, doc):
        return ChunkingDocSerializer(
            doc=doc,
            table_serializer=MarkdownTableSerializer(),  # configuring a different table serializer
        )


chunker = HybridChunker(
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    serializer_provider=MDTableSerializerProvider(),
)

chunk_iter = chunker.chunk(dl_doc=doc)

chunks = list(chunk_iter)
i, chunk = find_n_th_chunk_with_label(chunks, n=0, label=DocItemLabel.TABLE)
print_chunk(
    chunks=chunks,
    chunk_pos=i,
)



<pre style="white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace">╭──────────────────────────────────────────────── chunk_pos=16 num_tokens=166 doc_items_refs=['#/texts/69', '#/texts/71', '#/texts/72', '#/tables/0'] ─────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ Docling Technical Report                                                                                                                                                                             │
│ 4 Performance                                                                                                                                                                                        │
│ Establishing GPU acceleration support for the AI models is currently work-in-progress and largely untested, but may work implicitly when CUDA is available and discovered by the onnxruntime and     │
│ torch runtimes backing the Docling pipeline. We will deliver updates on this topic at in a future version of this report.                                                                            │
│                                                                                                                                                                                                      │
│ Table 1: Runtime characteristics of Docling with the standard model pipeline and settings, on our test dataset of 225 pages, on two different systems. OCR is disabled. We show the time-to-solution │
│ (TTS), computed throughput in pages per second, and the peak memory used (resident set size) for both the Docling-native PDF backend and for the pypdfium backend, using 4 and 16 threads.           │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
</pre>


# Picture serialization

# Using the default strategy

#Below we inspect the first chunk containing a picture.

#Even when using the default strategy, we can modify the relevant parameters, e.g. which placeholder is used for pictures:


from docling_core.transforms.serializer.markdown import MarkdownParams


class ImgPlaceholderSerializerProvider(ChunkingSerializerProvider):
    def get_serializer(self, doc):
        return ChunkingDocSerializer(
            doc=doc,
            params=MarkdownParams(
                image_placeholder="<!-- image -->",
            ),
        )


chunker = HybridChunker(
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    serializer_provider=ImgPlaceholderSerializerProvider(),
)

chunk_iter = chunker.chunk(dl_doc=doc)

chunks = list(chunk_iter)
i, chunk = find_n_th_chunk_with_label(chunks, n=0, label=DocItemLabel.PICTURE)
print_chunk(
    chunks=chunks,
    chunk_pos=i,
)


<pre style="white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace">╭───────────────────────────────────────────────── chunk_pos=0 num_tokens=133 doc_items_refs=['#/pictures/0', '#/texts/2', '#/texts/3', '#/texts/4'] ──────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ Docling Technical Report                                                                                                                                                                             │
│ In this image we can see a cartoon image of a duck holding a paper.                                                                                                                                  │
│                                                                                                                                                                                                      │
│ &lt;!-- image --&gt;                                                                                                                                                                                       │
│ Version 1.0                                                                                                                                                                                          │
│ Christoph Auer Maksym Lysak Ahmed Nassar Michele Dolfi Nikolaos Livathinos Panos Vagenas Cesar Berrospi Ramis Matteo Omenetti Fabian Lindlbauer Kasper Dinkla Lokesh Mishra Yusik Kim Shubham Gupta  │
│ Rafael Teixeira de Lima Valery Weber Lucas Morin Ingmar Meijer Viktor Kuropiatnyk Peter W. J. Staar                                                                                                  │
│ AI4K Group, IBM Research R¨ uschlikon, Switzerland                                                                                                                                                   │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
</pre>



### Using a custom strategy

#Below we define and use our custom picture serialization strategy which leverages picture annotations:



from typing import Any

from docling_core.transforms.serializer.base import (
    BaseDocSerializer,
    SerializationResult,
)
from docling_core.transforms.serializer.common import create_ser_result
from docling_core.transforms.serializer.markdown import MarkdownPictureSerializer
from docling_core.types.doc.document import (
    PictureClassificationData,
    PictureDescriptionData,
    PictureItem,
    PictureMoleculeData,
)
from typing_extensions import override


class AnnotationPictureSerializer(MarkdownPictureSerializer):
    @override
    def serialize(
        self,
        *,
        item: PictureItem,
        doc_serializer: BaseDocSerializer,
        doc: DoclingDocument,
        **kwargs: Any,
    ) -> SerializationResult:
        text_parts: list[str] = []
        for annotation in item.annotations:
            if isinstance(annotation, PictureClassificationData):
                predicted_class = (
                    annotation.predicted_classes[0].class_name
                    if annotation.predicted_classes
                    else None
                )
                if predicted_class is not None:
                    text_parts.append(f"Picture type: {predicted_class}")
            elif isinstance(annotation, PictureMoleculeData):
                text_parts.append(f"SMILES: {annotation.smi}")
            elif isinstance(annotation, PictureDescriptionData):
                text_parts.append(f"Picture description: {annotation.text}")

        text_res = "\n".join(text_parts)
        text_res = doc_serializer.post_process(text=text_res)
        return create_ser_result(text=text_res, span_source=item)

class ImgAnnotationSerializerProvider(ChunkingSerializerProvider):
    def get_serializer(self, doc: DoclingDocument):
        return ChunkingDocSerializer(
            doc=doc,
            picture_serializer=AnnotationPictureSerializer(),  # configuring a different picture serializer
        )


chunker = HybridChunker(
    tokenizer=tokenizer,
    serializer_provider=ImgAnnotationSerializerProvider(),
)

chunk_iter = chunker.chunk(dl_doc=doc)

chunks = list(chunk_iter)
i, chunk = find_n_th_chunk_with_label(chunks, n=0, label=DocItemLabel.PICTURE)
print_chunk(
    chunks=chunks,
    chunk_pos=i,
)


<pre style="white-space:pre;overflow-x:auto;line-height:normal;font-family:Menlo,'DejaVu Sans Mono',consolas,'Courier New',monospace">╭───────────────────────────────────────────────── chunk_pos=0 num_tokens=128 doc_items_refs=['#/pictures/0', '#/texts/2', '#/texts/3', '#/texts/4'] ──────────────────────────────────────────────────╮
│ Docling Technical Report                                                                                                                                                                             │
│ Picture description: In this image we can see a cartoon image of a duck holding a paper.                                                                                                             │
│ Version 1.0                                                                                                                                                                                          │
│ Christoph Auer Maksym Lysak Ahmed Nassar Michele Dolfi Nikolaos Livathinos Panos Vagenas Cesar Berrospi Ramis Matteo Omenetti Fabian Lindlbauer Kasper Dinkla Lokesh Mishra Yusik Kim Shubham Gupta  │
│ Rafael Teixeira de Lima Valery Weber Lucas Morin Ingmar Meijer Viktor Kuropiatnyk Peter W. J. Staar                                                                                                  │
│ AI4K Group, IBM Research R¨ uschlikon, Switzerland                                                                                                                                                   │
╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯
</pre>

Conclusion

In essence, Docling empowers organizations to bridge the gap between their vast troves of unstructured information and the powerful capabilities of generative AI. By mastering the art of content chunking and intelligent serialization, as demonstrated through Docling’s practical examples, businesses can unlock unprecedented efficiency, accuracy, and depth in their AI-driven applications, transforming complex data into actionable intelligence.

Alain Airom @aairom