In the world of identity and access management (IAM), two protocols often come up during system design or vendor selection: SAML vs OAuth. While both serve to secure access, they solve fundamentally different problems and are optimized for different environments.

Yet many developers confuse the two — or worse, implement one where the other would be more appropriate. This article breaks down the differences, provides practical examples, and offers guidance for making the right architectural decision.

TL;DR: Use SAML for enterprise SSO between trusted parties (e.g., logging into SaaS apps), and use OAuth 2.0 when you need delegated access to APIs or services (e.g., third-party apps accessing Google Drive on your behalf).

What is SAML 2.0?

SAML (Security Assertion Markup Language) is an XML-based protocol used primarily for Single Sign-On (SSO) in enterprise environments. It allows an Identity Provider (IdP) to authenticate a user and then inform a Service Provider (SP) that the user is authenticated. For a deeper dive into SAML, explore the fundamentals and implementation of SAML

🔹 Primary use case: Enterprise SSO between internal apps or SaaS platforms.

🔹 Standardized by: OASIS

🔹 Token format: XML assertions

🔹 Transport layer: Typically uses browser redirects and POST

SAML is dominant in legacy enterprise environments and still widely used in tools like Salesforce, Workday, and many internal corporate apps.

What is OAuth 2.0?

OAuth 2.0 is an authorization framework designed to allow an application to access resources on behalf of a user. It doesn’t authenticate users directly — that’s handled through extensions like OpenID Connect (OIDC).

🔹 Primary use case: Secure, delegated API access (e.g., GitHub, Google APIs)

🔹 Standardized by: IETF

🔹 Token format: JSON (Access Token, Refresh Token)

🔹 Transport layer: HTTPS (usually via RESTful API calls)

Authentication vs Authorization: The Core Conceptual Difference

• SAML is about authentication: It answers the question _“_Who are you?”
• OAuth is about authorization: It answers “What are you allowed to do?”

This distinction is foundational. If you need to confirm a user’s identity, go with SAML or OIDC. If you need to grant limited access to an API, go with OAuth 2.0.

Side-by-Side Architecture Comparisons Are Rare but Necessary

Documentation tends to focus on specs rather than developer workflows. Few resources show exactly how each protocol changes login flows, session management, or security boundaries.

You can offer more value by visualizing how both systems affect architecture at the request-routing and token-handling level.

Hybrid Protocol Use Is Common in SaaS — But Poorly Documented

Many SaaS platforms need both:

• SAML for enterprise customer SSO
• OAuth 2.0 for API access, internal services, or mobile apps

But few guides explain how to bridge identity between protocols or handle dual-mode authentication safely.

Compatibility with SPAs and Mobile Apps Is Rarely Addressed

SAML isn’t mobile- or SPA-friendly due to its heavy XML and redirect flows. Developers often attempt to use SAML in React or mobile apps and hit a wall.

OAuth 2.0, especially with PKCE, is far better suited for modern frontend stacks.

Token Security and Lifecycle Practices Are Overlooked

Important topics like access token expiration, refresh token reuse, or token replay protection are often skipped.

Add value by explaining:

• OAuth token revocation best practices

• SAML assertion expiration and audience restriction

• Signing key rotation

Common Pitfalls Developers Face

1. Using OAuth as a login protocol → OAuth ≠ authentication. Use OIDC if you need identity.
2. Not validating SAML assertions correctly → Always check signature and expiry before trusting.
3. Ignoring token revocation → OAuth tokens must be short-lived or revocable.
4. Choosing based on trend instead of architecture fit → SAML isn’t “old” or “bad” — it’s just optimized for different use cases.
5. Hardcoding provider logic → Use libraries like passport-saml or oauthlib, and abstract your logic.

To learn more about avoiding these pitfalls, check out our guide on avoiding common pitfalls on SSO implementation.

Conclusion

Choose SAML when your audience is enterprise identity providers. Choose OAuth when your architecture is API-first, mobile-driven, or needs fine-grained permissions.

Understand not just what the protocols do, but how they shape the systems you build.