GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins are digital signal pins found on microcontrollers, microprocessors, and single-board computers like Raspberry Pi or Arduino. They are highly versatile, allowing them to be programmed as either input or output.

When configured as input, GPIO pins can detect and read external signals such as button presses, sensor outputs, or logic levels from other devices. In output mode, they can send signals to control external components like LEDs, motors, or relays.

Each GPIO pin can be programmed individually, enabling complex hardware control without the need for dedicated circuits. They typically operate at standard logic voltages (e.g., 3.3V or 5V), and their flexibility makes them essential for prototyping and hardware development. GPIO pins are crucial in embedded systems because they serve as the bridge between the processor and the physical world, enabling interaction with sensors, actuators, and other electronics.

Whether building an IoT project, automating devices, or creating custom electronics, understanding GPIO functionality is a fundamental skill for developers.

To explore more about working with GPIO and other hardware interfaces, check out the Embedded Systems Course.