Welcome to Day 6 of the 100 Days of Python series!
Today we dive into how Python handles numbers, performs math operations, and lets you switch between data types. Whether you're building a calculator, processing data, or doing game development, these are must-know concepts.

📦 What You'll Learn Today

• Numeric types in Python: int, float, complex
• Basic arithmetic operations
• Useful math functions and the math module
• Type conversion between strings and numbers

🔢 1. Python Number Types

Python supports several types of numbers:

🔹 Integer (int)

Whole numbers, positive or negative:

a = 10
b = -3

🔹 Floating Point (float)

Numbers with decimals:

pi = 3.1415
price = 99.99

🔹 Complex Numbers (complex)

Less common, used in scientific applications:

z = 2 + 3j

➕ 2. Basic Arithmetic Operators

🧪 Example:

a = 7
b = 2

print(a + b)  # 9
print(a - b)  # 5
print(a * b)  # 14
print(a / b)  # 3.5
print(a // b) # 3
print(a % b)  # 1
print(a ** b) # 49

📚 3. Useful Built-in Functions

abs(-10)      # 10 → Absolute value
round(3.1415) # 3   → Rounds to nearest whole
pow(2, 4)     # 16  → Same as 2**4

📐 4. Using the math Module

For more advanced math operations, import Python’s built-in math module:

import math

print(math.sqrt(16))     # 4.0
print(math.ceil(3.2))    # 4
print(math.floor(3.9))   # 3
print(math.pi)           # 3.1415926535...
print(math.sin(math.pi)) # Very close to 0

🔁 5. Type Conversion

Python allows you to convert between different data types using built-in functions:

Convert int ↔ float:

x = 5
y = float(x)  # 5.0

z = 3.14
w = int(z)    # 3 (decimal part removed)

Convert str ↔ int or float:

age_str = "25"
age = int(age_str)  # 25

height_str = "5.9"
height = float(height_str)  # 5.9

⚠️ Be Careful:

int("abc")  # ❌ Error: invalid literal for int()

Always validate or check input before conversion in real-world apps.

✅ Real-World Example

price = input("Enter price: ")
price = float(price)
tax = price * 0.18
total = price + tax

print(f"Total after 18% tax: ₹{round(total, 2)}")

🚀 Recap

Today you learned:

• Python number types: int, float, complex
• Arithmetic operations and math functions
• How to use the math module
• Type conversion between strings and numbers